《Journal of Agrarian Change》第22卷第4期目录及摘要
全文链接：
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14710366/2022/22/4
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Caste, diversification, and the contemporary agrarian question in India: A field perspective
Srishti Yadav
Ocean and land grabbing in Ghana's offshore petroleum industry: From the agrarian question to the question of industrialization
Jasper Abembia Ayelazuno, Jesse Salah Ovadia
Rethinking dispossession: The livelihood consequences of land expropriation in contemporary rural China
Guolin Gu
Resettled but not redressed: Land restitution and post-settlement dynamics in South Africa
Horman Chitonge
The moral economy of defence of territory and the political economy of extractivism in the Polochic valley, Guatemala
Lazar Konforti
Pastoralism, multifunctionality, and environmental agency: Insights from mountain sheep pastoralists in Northern Portugal
Julio Sa Rego, Paula Cabo, Marina Castro
Accumulation by agricultural extension: Freedom and financial extractivism among Brazil's Landless Rural Workers' Movement (MST)
Jonathan DeVore
Conceptualizing China's tea history in the 19th century: Incorporation into the capitalist world-economy
Sung Hee Ru
Urban form and scale shaped the agroecology of early ‘cities’ in northern Mesopotamia, the Aegean and Central Europe
Amy K. Styring, Chris U. Carmona, Valasia Isaakidou, Angeliki Karathanou, Geoff K. Nicholls, Anaya Sarpaki, Amy Bogaard
Revisiting “empowered rural women” in postwar Japan
Fumi Iwashima, Chizu Sato
BOOK REVIEWS
Tea war: A history of capitalism in China and India, Liu, Andrew B.. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2020. 360 pp. $50.00 (hardback). ISBN: 9780300243734
Jairus Banaji
https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12424
Handbook on Urban Food Security in the Global South, Edited by Jonathan Crush, Bruce Frayne, and Gareth Haysom. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 2020. 415 + x. £150 (hb). £48.00 (ebook). ISBN: 978-1-78643-150-9
Henry Bernstein
https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12438
Capitalism and the Sea: The Maritime Factor in the Making of the Modern World, by Liam Campling and Alejandro Colás. London & New York: Verso. 2021. pp. xiv + 418. £20/$29.95 (hardcover). ISBN: 9781784785239
Mads Barbesgaard
https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12448
Tea and Solidarity: Tamil Women and Work in Postwar Sri Lanka, by Mythri Jegathesan. University of Washington Press. 2019. Pp. 288. $90 (hb)/$30 (pb). ISBN: 9780295745657 (hb)/9780295745671 (pb).
Jayaseelan Raj
https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12476
Managing the River Commons: Fishing and New England's Rural Economy, by Erik Reardon. University of Massachusetts Press. 2021. Pp. 192. $90.00 (hb)/$27.95 (pb). ISBN: 9781625345851 (hb)/9781625345844 (pb)
Joshua Rhodes
https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12478
Caste, diversification, and the contemporary agrarian question in India: A field perspective
Srishti Yadav
Abstract：This paper seeks to analyse agrarian class relations in Sangli, a village in Rewari district, southern Haryana, in light of the linkages of agricultural households with non-agricultural economic activities. I find that better-off households that are primarily dependent on agriculture are the most likely to re-invest in agriculture. Agricultural surpluses allow upper caste landowning households to diversify into businesses or formal employment; alternatively, landownership provides a failsafe against precarious daily wage work, which is the only type of work available to lower caste landless households who lack economic and social capital. This segmentation of diversification opportunities is understood as conjugated oppression resting on caste and land ownership.
Ocean and land grabbing in Ghana's offshore petroleum industry: From the agrarian question to the question of industrialization
Jasper Abembia Ayelazuno Jesse Salah Ovadia
Abstract：Ghana's petroleum industry is located several nautical miles offshore in the Western Region of the country. Yet, the mechanisms and processes of production and transportation of crude petroleum are accompanied by the dispossessing of the adjoining coastal communities of their means of (re)production both on the ocean and on land. Although the insights of agrarian political economy have been deployed fruitfully to analyse land grabs in Africa, similar efforts are rare when it comes to ocean grabs. With reference to the new development thinking on the ocean economy—or ‘blue economy’—as the new frontier of resource-based industrialization in Africa, we re-frame the agrarian question and apply it to the offshore petroleum industry, expanding agrarian political-economic theory of industrialization beyond its traditional confines of land and agriculture. Our paper makes two main theoretical contributions. First, it contributes to efforts in agrarian political economy to incorporate the ocean and fisheries. Second, we contribute a fresh theoretical framework for analysing offshore petroleum industries and their potential to contribute to industrialization in Africa.
Rethinking dispossession: The livelihood consequences of land expropriation in contemporary rural China
Guolin Gu
Abstract：Land expropriation is a major source of conflict in contemporary rural China. Existing research tends to frame land expropriation as ‘dispossession’—local governments expropriating land to pursue economic growth at the expense of villagers' welfare. However, systematic evidence on the livelihood impacts of land expropriation is limited, which has made assessing this interpretation difficult. This study uses nationally representative longitudinal data to examine the immediate effects of land expropriation on villagers' livelihoods as well as how they evolve over the following years. It finds that households with migrant workers saw significant socio-economic gains after land expropriation through both increased wage income and government compensation. Households without migrant workers, on the other hand, experienced a small deterioration in their socio-economic position as their income remained stagnant while their living costs increased. These findings cast a different light on the dispossession thesis not only because a significant portion of the rural population makes socio-economic gains after land expropriation but also by problematizing assumptions that smallholding agriculture is necessarily the most desirable source of livelihood for villagers. Instead, it calls for attention to villagers' increasingly diversified livelihood strategies, as well as the multifaceted role of the state in the process.
Resettled but not redressed: Land restitution and post-settlement dynamics in South Africa
Horman Chitonge
Abstract：Redressing the wrongs of the past has been a central theme in democratic South Africa. The land restitution programme was specifically intended to foster the process of redressing the loss and pain inflicted through racially motivated and violent dispossession of land. After more than two and half decades of implementing the land restitution programme, there are serious questions around how far this programme has contributed to redressing the injustices of the past. This paper, drawing from three land restitution case studies, illustrates that while many victims of colonial and apartheid land dispossession have been compensated, the land restitution process has scored limited success in redressing past injustices. The paper argues that the failure to substantively redress colonial and apartheid land dispossession is partly due to the narrow conceptualization of the restitution programme, which has emphasized procedural aspects, ignoring the need for meaningful redress of the victims of land dispossession. As a result of this, the land restitution programme has not fulfilled its transformative objectives of reconciliation, reconstruction, and reducing land inequalities in the country.
The moral economy of defence of territory and the political economy of extractivism in the Polochic valley, Guatemala
Lazar Konforti
Abstract：Since the turn of the 21st century, sugarcane, oil palm, and nickel mining have transformed the Polochic valley lowlands in northeastern Guatemala. These industries have been met with different forms of resistance from local indigenous Q'eqchi' agrarian communities operating under the banner of “defence of territory” (DOT). In this paper, I argue that the concept of moral economy can help understand why the arrival of different (agro)extractive industries were met with different levels of resistance by Q'eqchi' communities. The key elements of the local moral economy that informs DOT in the Polochic lowlands are customary territorial practices, paternalistic class relationships, and rising livelihood expectations. The degree to which this moral economy was violated by different industries helps explain variegated responses and outcomes, particularly why sugarcane company Chabil Utzaj was met with widespread and sustained resistance that ultimately led to its decision to cease operations. This moral economy was itself shaped by previous cycles of agrarian change and continues to shape present-day political contestation.
Pastoralism, multifunctionality, and environmental agency: Insights from mountain sheep pastoralists in Northern Portugal
Julio Sa Rego Paula Cabo Marina Castro
Abstract：The idea of multifunctionality permeates European agriculture. Pastoralism is not spared and is valued as a vector of environmental management of the mountainous areas. Multifunctionality is nonetheless connected to entrepreneurial agriculture. Although entrepreneurship is disseminated in the European agricultural sector, little is known about the entrepreneurial evolution within traditional mountain pastoralist communities. This ethnographic paper builds on the case study of mountain sheep pastoralists in Braganza, Portugal, to augment this knowledge. It dives into the dynamics of production of sheep farming to uncover the cultural drivers of traditional pastoralism in Northern Portugal. Results show that pastoralists are unresponsive to the entrepreneurial narratives of multifunctionality as they respond to the occupational identity of shepherds in a moral economy of subsistence ethics. Pastoralists nevertheless exercise valuable environmental agency grounded in their condition as rural dwellers. Tailored narratives to their subsistence ethic are then required to rapidly address and valorize this environmental agency as new fire regimes progress and traditional pastoralism stands at the brink of extinction in Portugal. These results may ultimately contribute to the global literature and policy making on pastoralism, multifunctionality and environment: worldwide pastoralist communities share holistically cultural features and convergent historical trajectories.
Accumulation by agricultural extension: Freedom and financial extractivism among Brazil's Landless Rural Workers' Movement (MST)
Jonathan DeVore
Abstract：Since 1995, family farming in Brazil has been heavily financialized through the federal PRONAF program, which has simultaneously created new opportunities for third parties to capture and control financial resources for themselves. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research with land rights movements on the southern coast of Bahia, Brazil, this contribution analyses a case of accumulation by agricultural extension, as a predatory form of financial extractivism based on asymmetrical bureaucratic and communicative power, which was carried out by a local agricultural extension firm and export company. Associated with the Odebrecht Foundation, this extension firm promoted a development project to diversify the livelihoods of rural families living in land reform communities affiliated with Brazil's famous Landless Rural Workers' Movement, or the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). The firm owner actively recruited families to cultivate palmito, or heart of palm, effectively converting them into a captive productive force responsible for almost all factors of production—land, labour, and capital—but in the service of the extension firm's business interests. The firm was thus able to decouple itself from all hazards involved in production, while the MST community members bore almost all of the risks. In the process, the project gave rise to an exploitative form of production that is barely even recognizable as capitalism.
Conceptualizing China's tea history in the 19th century: Incorporation into the capitalist world-economy
Sung Hee Ru
Abstract：Recent accounts of China's tea history in the 19th century have been presented without adequate attention to global capitalism's dynamics, despite the fact that researchers have explicitly or implicitly accepted the idea that China experienced a massive and unprecedented change in tea cultivation during this period, prompted by the penetration of capitalist logics. By analysing China's capitalist incorporation process, I show why and how tea-growing areas in southern China drove an export-oriented process of tea cultivation, increasing the number of seasonal workers—including Chinese tea growers migrating to British India's tea plantations—and contributing to ecological degradation and economic underdevelopment. In addition, analysis of China's incorporation process helps to investigate the relationship between China's tea industry and its early industrialization. By allowing us to examine China's tea history and the dynamics of the capitalist world-economy in the long 19th century in tandem, the concept of China's incorporation process elicits macrolevel, global, and historical narratives of the 19th century Chinese tea history.
Urban form and scale shaped the agroecology of early ‘cities’ in northern Mesopotamia, the Aegean and Central Europe
Amy K. Styring Chris U. Carmona Valasia Isaakidou Angeliki Karathanou Geoff K. Nicholls Anaya Sarpaki Amy Bogaard
Abstract：Agricultural extensification refers to an expansive, low-input production strategy that is land rather than labour limited. Here, we present a robust method, using the archaeological proxies of cereal grain nitrogen isotope values and settlement size, to investigate the relationship between agricultural intensity and population size at Neolithic to Bronze/Iron Age settlement sites in northern Mesopotamia, the Aegean and south-west Germany. We conclude that urban form—in particular, density of occupation—as well as scale shaped the agroecological trajectories of early cities. Whereas high-density urbanism in northern Mesopotamia and the Aegean entailed radical agricultural extensification, lower density urbanism in south-west Germany afforded more intensive management of arable land. We relate these differing agricultural trajectories to long-term urban growth/collapse cycles in northern Mesopotamia and the Aegean, on the one hand, and to the volatility of early Iron Age elite power structures and urban centralization in south-west Germany, on the other.
Revisiting “empowered rural women” in postwar Japan
Fumi Iwashima Chizu Sato
Abstract：In Japan, both rural studies and government policies commonly represent rural women in the same way: as oppressed within their feudalistic family farm system before the Second World War and as successfully empowered by rural democratization policies after the war. This study revisits the often unproblematized representations of the postwar success story of empowered rural women on which these accounts are frequently based. We examined rarely analysed source material of a project that is frequently referred to, the Rural Life Improvement Extension Service (RLIES). This source material consists of essays written by rural women who participated in this project, which was implemented by the US occupational forces and the Japanese state in the 1950s and 1960s, for representations of empowered rural women through the lens of a feminist reading of Foucault's biopower. Our analysis identified three subjective typifications of rural women in the essays: the New Rural Woman, the Rural Professional Housewife, and the Farm Mother. By illuminating these typifications, we show how—even in the source material of unproblematic celebratory accounts—rural women exercised unexpected agency by engaging in the changing power relations that surrounded them. The example provided by our feminine subjectivity study encourages researchers to be more careful with respect to simple celebratory narratives of empowered rural women.