JEEM 2023年第117卷目录及摘要

全文链接：

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-environmental-economics-and-management/vol/117/suppl/C

Spatial and temporal responses to incentives: An application to wildlife disease management

Lusi Xie, Wiktor Adamowicz, Patrick Lloyd-Smith

Do non-damaging earthquakes shake mortgage lenders' risk perception?

Minhong Xu, Yilan Xu

The mortality impact of fine particulate matter in China: Evidence from trade shocks

Yazhen Gong, Shanjun Li, Nicholas J. Sanders, Guang Shi

Policy evaluation of waste pricing programs using heterogeneous causal effect estimation

Marica Valente

International climate aid and trade

Basak Bayramoglu, Jean-François Jacques, Clément Nedoncelle, Lucille Neumann-Noel

Quantifying COVID-19’s silver lining: Avoided deaths from air quality improvements in Bogotá

Allen Blackman, Jorge A. Bonilla, Laura Villalobos

Tax incentives, environmental regulation and firms’ emission reduction strategies: Evidence from China

Yu Qi, Jianshun Zhang, Jianwei Chen

First lead, now no bed? The unintended impacts of lead abatement laws on eviction

Luke Fesko

Cross-border environmental regulation and firm labor demand

Pavel Chakraborty, Anindya S. Chakrabarti, Chirantan Chatterjee

Is environmental regulation the answer to pollution problems in urbanizing economies?

JunJie Wu, Kathleen Segerson, Chunhua Wang

Optimal pricing for carbon dioxide removal under inter-regional leakage

Max Franks, Matthias Kalkuhl, Kai Lessmann

National expenditures on local amenities

David S. Bieri, Nicolai V. Kuminoff, Jaren C. Pope

Spatial and temporal responses to incentives: An application to wildlife disease management

Lusi Xie, Wiktor Adamowicz, Patrick Lloyd-Smith

Abstract: When participating in recreation individuals decide on where to go (locations) and when to participate (which time periods), and they respond to changes in external factors (e.g., environmental quality changes, provision of incentives). In examining economic decision-making, economists focus mostly on location choices, thus the behavioral and welfare impacts of the incentives associated with time choices are largely unknown. In this paper, we develop and estimate a flexible econometric model that combines spatial and temporal choices. The model is applied to examine individuals’ location and time choices of their recreation trips in response to extended recreation seasons that are proposed to encourage hunting for wildlife disease management. The data are from an online revealed and stated preference survey of recreational hunters in Alberta, Canada. We find that individuals substitute activities spatially and temporally, take more hunting trips, and gain welfare benefits when they can more flexibly choose the time of activities. Our findings show that increases in time flexibility can be used as an incentive to encourage beneficial outcomes.

Do non-damaging earthquakes shake mortgage lenders' risk perception?

Minhong Xu, Yilan Xu

Abstract:This study examines how banks respond to earthquakes that convey seismic risk salience but do not cause damage, i.e., noticeable non-damaging earthquakes (NNDEs). Using evidence from California, we find loans more likely to be denied or sold after increased NNDEs. Banks with fewer assets, more diversified branching markets, or stronger sales capability relied more on securitization to transfer the perceived seismic risk. We show evidence that banks likely learned about the NNDEs through personal experience and local news. The effects of NNDEs persisted up to three years. Meanwhile, the NNDEs only caused moderate and temporary collateral devaluation but did not increase the observable default risk. Thus, banks' responses most likely resulted from the increased risk salience of future damaging earthquakes during the mortgage term. Our findings call for reevaluations of the heuristics in banks' risk-perception updating and have implications for designing more efficient disaster risk-sharing mechanisms in the financial market.

The mortality impact of fine particulate matter in China: Evidence from trade shocks

Yazhen Gong, Shanjun Li, Nicholas J. Sanders, Guang Shi

Abstract:We use county-level panel data to estimate the long-run effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution on mortality in China. Our causal inference relies on changes in local pollution via wind transport and demand shocks of Chinese products from export destinations amid the global economic crisis during the late 2000s. We find an economically and statistically significant impact of long-term exposure to PM2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, and the effect is the largest for those 65 years and older. Using the substantial variation in pollution levels both across time and space in China, we provide evidence of a concave dose-response function, with diminishing marginal mortality impacts of pollution at levels beyond those in developed nations.

Policy evaluation of waste pricing programs using heterogeneous causal effect estimation

Marica Valente

Abstract:Using machine learning methods in a quasi-experimental setting, I study the heterogeneous effects of introducing waste prices – unit prices on household unsorted waste disposal – on waste demands and municipal costs. Using a unique panel of Italian municipalities with large variation in prices and observables, I show that waste demands are nonlinear. I find evidence of constant elasticities at low prices, and increasing elasticities at high prices driven by income effects and waste habits before policy. The policy reduces waste management costs in all municipalities after three years of adoption, when prices cause significant reductions in total waste.

International climate aid and trade

Basak Bayramoglu, Jean-François Jacques, Clément Nedoncelle, Lucille Neumann-Noel

Abstract:Foreign aid allocation by donor countries to developing economies is known to be motivated by the donor country’s bilateral trade interests. Does this apply also to bilateral climate aid? In this paper, we combine theoretical and empirical analyses to investigate how bilateral trade affects donor countries’ allocations of bilateral climate aid. Our theoretical analysis develops a simple model to support our hypothesis that bilateral trade has a positive impact on climate aid transfers. The model highlights the terms-of-trade and positive income effects of climate aid, and predicts a positive relationship between donor countries’ exports to and imports from recipient countries and their climate aid transfers. The empirical analysis is based on bilateral climate aid data for 2002 to 2017. We employ fixed effects and instrumental variable-2 stage least square estimations (IV-2SLS) with a shift-share instrument to overcome the endogeneity of trade. Our empirical results show that donors’ exports have a significant, robust, positive effect on climate aid transfers.

Quantifying COVID-19’s silver lining: Avoided deaths from air quality improvements in Bogotá

Allen Blackman, Jorge A. Bonilla, Laura Villalobos

Abstract:In cities around the world, COVID-19 lockdowns have significantly improved outdoor air quality. Even if only temporary, these improvements could have longer-lasting effects by making chronic air pollution more salient and boosting political pressure for change. To that end, it is important to develop objective estimates of both the air quality improvements associated with lockdowns and the benefits they generate. We use panel data econometric models to estimate the effect of Bogotá’s 16-month lockdown on PM2.5 and NO2 pollution, epidemiological models to simulate the effect of reductions in these pollutants on long- and short-term mortality, and benefit transfer methods to value the avoided mortality. We find that on average, Bogotá’s lockdown cut PM2.5 pollution by 15% and NO2 pollution by 21%. However, the magnitude of these effects varied considerably over time and across the city's neighborhoods. Equivalent permanent reductions in these pollutants would reduce long-term premature deaths from air pollution by 23% each year, a benefit valued at $1 billion annually. Finally, we estimate that if they occurred ceteris paribus, the temporary reductions in pollutant concentrations in 2020–2021 due to Bogotá’s lockdown would have cut short-term deaths from air pollution by 19%, a benefit valued at $244 million.

Tax incentives, environmental regulation and firms’ emission reduction strategies: Evidence from China

Yu Qi, Jianshun Zhang, Jianwei Chen

Abstract:Policy interaction is an important way to deal with increasingly complex environmental problems. This paper examines the investment-related tax cuts and the policy interaction with environmental regulation on firms' emission reduction strategies. Taking China's value-added tax (VAT) reform as a quasi-natural experiment and considering the interaction with the emission reduction target policy, our difference-in-differences estimation shows that: the average effect of the VAT reform reduces firms' sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission intensity by 16.6%, due to the adoption of emissions reduction strategies in the production processes; the interaction effect between the VAT reform and environmental regulation incentivizes firms to additionally reduce SO2 emission intensity, due to the adoption of both production processes and end-of-pipe reduction strategies. Our findings are more evident for firms with tight financial constraints. Overall, this paper reveals the micro-mechanisms of how the tax policies incentivize firms to choose emission reduction strategies and highlights the importance of the interaction effects between environmental and non-environmental policies, thus providing implications for the policy mix of environmental regulation and tax-cut incentives to promote pollution reduction and improve business performance.

First lead, now no bed? The unintended impacts of lead abatement laws on eviction

Luke Fesko

Abstract:Lead paint in old houses is the leading cause of lead poisoning in children under 6 today. To combat this problem, several states have passed lead abatement laws, forcing landlords to remove lead in the homes they rent if tenants have children under the age of 6. However, these laws have unintended consequences, causing landlords to evict tenants rather than abate lead. I use a difference-in-differences approach while employing various model specifications with various fixed effects and sets of controls to examine the impact of Ohio’s 2003 lead abatement law on eviction rates. Using newly collected data from the Eviction Lab at Princeton University, I find that the passage of Ohio’s lead abatement law sharply increased targeted evictions. Due to the law’s passage, the average census district in Ohio faced an increased eviction rate of roughly 0.457 points, corresponding to an additional 13.93 evictions a year. These impacts are highly statistically significant, sizeable, and economically meaningful, indicating that policy makers should incorporate distributional consequences when designing future lead abatement laws in order to avoid unintended consequences and ensure equitable outcomes.

Cross-border environmental regulation and firm labor demand

Pavel Chakraborty, Anindya S. Chakrabarti, Chirantan Chatterjee

Abstract:In 1994, due to environmental concerns, Germany banned a chemical called ‘Azo-dyes’, a primary input for the leather and textiles firms in India (a key exporter). Exploiting this as a quasi-natural experiment, we examine the effects of this cross-border regulatory change on labor compensation, particularly managerial, for both Indian upstream (dye-producing) and downstream (leather and textile) firms. We find that the regulation increased compensation of managers by 1.3%–18% in dye-producing firms compared to other chemical firms. This is due to the combination of changes such as investing in R&D, product churning, import of high-quality intermediates, due to the ban, which led to this change in within-firm labor composition. This increase in overall compensation is driven only by fixed component (wages), consistent with the effects of a long-run shock. We find no such effects for downstream firms. We believe, our study is one of the first to show that just like tariff, non-tariff barriers (NTBs) can also significantly affect within-firm labor composition.

Is environmental regulation the answer to pollution problems in urbanizing economies?

JunJie Wu, Kathleen Segerson, Chunhua Wang

Abstract:This paper seeks to better understand the persistent environmental problems in urbanizing economies. We examine the effectiveness of environmental policy in an economy with agglomeration economies and endogenous firm relocation and entry/exit. We show that, although environmental regulation is effective in the short run, in the presence of agglomeration economies, spatial relocation of firms in response to environmental regulation can undermine the effectiveness of regulations, rendering them less effective or even ineffective. In fact, we show that regulation might even be counter-productive, i.e., exacerbate environmental problems, at certain stages of development. We present initial empirical evidence in the context of water pollution in China that demonstrates the importance of agglomeration economies in determining the impacts of environmental regulation.

Optimal pricing for carbon dioxide removal under inter-regional leakage

Max Franks, Matthias Kalkuhl, Kai Lessmann

Abstract:Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) moves atmospheric carbon to geological or land-based sinks. In a first-best setting, the optimal use of CDR is achieved by a removal subsidy that equals the optimal carbon tax and marginal damages. We derive second-best policy rules for CDR subsidies and carbon taxes when no global carbon price exists but a national government implements a unilateral climate policy. We find that the optimal carbon tax differs from an optimal CDR subsidy because of carbon leakage and a balance of resource trade effect. First, the optimal removal subsidy tends to be larger than the carbon tax because of lower supply-side leakage on fossil resource markets. Second, net carbon exporters exacerbate this wedge to increase producer surplus of their carbon resource producers, implying even larger removal subsidies. Third, net carbon importers may set their removal subsidy even below their carbon tax when marginal environmental damages are small, to appropriate producer surplus from carbon exporters.

National expenditures on local amenities

David S. Bieri, Nicolai V. Kuminoff, Jaren C. Pope

Abstract:We develop a framework for estimating Americans’ implicit expenditures on spatially varying nonmarket amenities. We focus on location-specific factors that affect the quality of life but are not formally traded. Examples include climate, geography, pollution, local public goods, and transportation infrastructure. Households pay for residential access to these amenities indirectly, through housing prices, wages and property taxes. We construct a database of 75 amenities, match it to 5 million households’ location choices, and use hedonic methods to estimate their total amenity expenditures. Our benchmark estimate for the year 2000 is $562 billion--equivalent to 8% of Americans’ personal consumption expenditures.

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编辑：秦运兰

审核：龙文进