刊讯｜SSCI 期刊 Bilingualism 2021年第4期

Bilingualism: Language and Cognition

Issue 4, August 2021

Bilingualism: Language and Cognition2021年第4期共发文16篇，其中研究性论文15篇，研究报告1篇。研究论文涉及二语习得研究、多语习得研究、神经语言学、认知语言学、社会语言学、词汇学、句法学、语音学等方面。

目录

EDITORIAL

■Obituary: Pieter Muyske, by Harald Clahsen, Pages 597–598.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

■ Non-native Readers Are More Sensitive to Changes in Surface Linguistic Information than Native Readers*, by Denisa Bordag, Andreas Opitz, Max Polter, Michael Meng, Pages 599–611.

■ Bilinguals on the garden-path: Individual differences in syntactic ambiguity resolution, by Trevor Brothers, Liv J Hoversten, Matthew J Traxler, Pages 612–627.

■ Reanalysis processes in non-native sentence comprehension, by Hiroki Fujita, Ian Cunnings, Pages 628–641.

■ The neural timecourse of American English vowel discrimination by Japanese, Russian and Spanish second-language learners of English, by Valerie L. Shafer, Sarah Kresh, Kikuyo Ito, Miwako Hisagi, Nancy Vidal, Eve Higby, Daniela Castillo, Winifred Strange, Pages 642–655.

■ Phonological transfer effects in novice learners: A learner's brain detects grammar errors only if the language sounds familiar, by Sabine Gosselke Berthelsen, Merle Horne, Yury Shtyrov, Mikael Roll, Pages 656–669.

■ N170 reflects visual familiarity and automatic sublexical phonological access in L2 written word processing, by Yen Na Yum, Sam-Po Law, Pages 670–680.

■ Priming and persistence in bilinguals: What codeswitching tells us about lexical priming in sentential contexts*, by Michael A. Johns, Laura Rodrigo, Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo, Aliza Winneg, Paola E. Dussias, Pages 681–693.

■ Bilingual acquisition of reference: The role of language experience, executive functions and cross-linguistic effects, by Jacopo Torregrossa, Maria Andreou, Christiane Bongartz, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli, Pages 694–706.

■ Language of instruction affects language interference in the third language, by Brendan Tomoschuk, Wouter Duyck, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Victor S. Ferreira, Tamar H. Gollan, Pages 707–718.

■ The effects of input and output modalities on language switching between Chinese and English, by Wai Leung Wong, Urs Maurer, Pages 719–729.

■ Cognitive restructuring in the multilingual mind: language-specific effects on processing efficiency of caused motion events in Cantonese–English–Japanese speakers, by Yi Wang, Li Wei, Pages 730–745.

■ Lexical alignment is affected by addressee but not speaker nativeness, by Ellise Suffill, Timea Kutasi, Martin J. Pickering, Holly P. Branigan, Pages 746–757.

■ Literacy, metalinguistic, and executive functions processing in bilingual children speakers of similar typology languages in a border area, by Talita dos Santos Gonçalves, Vanisa Fante Viapiana, Rochele Paz Fonseca, Lilian Cristine Hübner, Pages 758–766.

■ The role of L1 and L2 frequency in cross-linguistic structural priming: An artificial language learning study, by Merel Muylle, Sarah Bernolet, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Pages 767–778.

■ Cross-linguistic interactions across modalities: Effects of the oral language on sign production, by Marc Gimeno-Martínez, Andreas Mädebach, Cristina Baus, Pages 779–790.

RESEARCH NOTES

■ Insights into codeswitching from online communication: Effects of language preference and conditions arising from vocabulary richness, by Laurie Beth Feldman, Vidhushini Srinivasan, Rachel B. Fernandes, Samira Shaikh, Pages 791–797.

CORRIGENDUM

■ How are words felt in a second language: Norms for 2,628 English words for valence and arousal by L2 speakers– CORRIGENDUM, by Constance Imbault, Debra Titone, Amy Beth Warriner, Victor Kuperman, Pages 798.

摘要

Non-native Readers Are More Sensitive to Changes in Surface Linguistic Information than Native Readers*

Denisa Bordag, Andreas Opitz, Max Polter, Michael Meng

Abstract In the present study we challenge the generally accepted view based primarily on L1 data that surface linguistic information decays rapidly during reading and that only propositional information is retained in memory. In two eye-tracking experiments, we show that both L1 and L2 adult readers retain verbatim information of a text. In particular, the reading behaviour of L2 German learners revealed that they were sensitive to both lexical (synonyms) and syntactic (active/passive alternation) substitutions during a second reading of the texts, while L1 exhibited only reduced sensitivity to the lexical substitutions. The results deliver an important piece of evidence that complies with several current processing (e.g., Shallow Structure Hypothesis), acquisition (Declarative/Procedural Model) and cognitive (e.g., Fuzzy Trace Theory) approaches and adds a new dimension to their empirical and theoretical basis.

Bilinguals on the garden-path: Individual differences in syntactic ambiguity resolution

Trevor Brothers, Liv J Hoversten, Matthew J Traxler

Abstract Syntactic parsing plays a central role in the interpretation of sentences, but it is unclear to what extent non-native speakers can deploy native-like grammatical knowledge during online comprehension. The current eye-tracking study investigated how Chinese–English bilinguals and native English speakers respond to syntactic category and subcategorization information while reading sentences with object-subject ambiguities. We also obtained measures of English language experience, working memory capacity, and executive function to determine how these cognitive variables influence online parsing. During reading, monolinguals and bilinguals showed similar garden-path effects related to syntactic reanalysis, but native English speakers responded more robustly to verb subcategorization cues. Readers with greater language experience and executive function showed increased sensitivity to verb subcategorization cues, but parsing was not influenced by working memory capacity. These results are consistent with exposure-based accounts of bilingual sentence processing, and they support a link between syntactic processing and domain-general cognitive control.

Reanalysis processes in non-native sentence comprehension

Hiroki Fujita, Ian Cunnings

Abstract We report two offline and two eye-movement experiments examining non-native (L2) sentence processing during and after reanalysis of temporarily ambiguous sentences like “While Mary dressed the baby laughed happily”. Such sentences cause reanalysis at the main clause verb (“laughed”), as the temporarily ambiguous noun phrase (“the baby”) may initially be misanalysed as the direct object of the subordinate clause verb (“dressed”). The offline experiments revealed that L2ers have difficulty reanalysing temporarily ambiguous sentences with a greater persistence of the initially assigned misinterpretation than native (L1) speakers. In the eye-movement experiments, we found that L2ers complete reanalysis similarly to L1ers but fail to fully erase the memory trace of the initially assigned interpretation. Our results suggested that the source of L2 reanalysis difficulty is a failure to erase the initially assigned misinterpretation from memory rather than a failure to conduct syntactic reanalysis.

The neural timecourse of American English vowel discrimination by Japanese, Russian and Spanish second-language learners of English

Valerie L. Shafer, Sarah Kresh, Kikuyo Ito, Miwako Hisagi, Nancy Vidal, Eve Higby, Daniela Castillo, Winifred Strange

Abstract This study investigated the influence of first language (L1) phoneme features and phonetic salience on discrimination of second language (L2) American English (AE) vowels. On a perceptual task, L2 adult learners of English with Spanish, Japanese or Russian as an L1 showed poorer discrimination of the spectral-only difference between /æ:/ as the oddball (deviant) among frequent /ɑ:/ stimuli compared to AE controls. The Spanish listeners showed a significant difference from the controls for the spectral-temporal contrast between /ɑ:/ and /ʌ/ for both perception and the neural Mismatch Negativity (MMN), but only for deviant /ɑ:/ versus /ʌ/ (duration decrement). For deviant /ʌ/ versus /ɑ:/, and for deviant /æ:/ versus /ʌ/ or /ɑ:/, all participants showed equivalent MMN amplitude. The asymmetrical pattern for /ɑ:/ and /ʌ/ suggested that L2 phonetic detail was maintained only for the deviant. These findings indicated that discrimination was more strongly influenced by L1 phonology than phonetic salience.

Phonological transfer effects in novice learners: A learner's brain detects grammar errors only if the language sounds familiar

Sabine Gosselke Berthelsen, Merle Horne, Yury Shtyrov, Mikael Roll

Abstract Many aspects of a new language, including grammar rules, can be acquired and accessed within minutes. In the present study, we investigate how initial learners respond when the rules of a novel language are not adhered to. Through spoken word-picture association-learning, tonal and non-tonal speakers were taught artificial words. Along with lexicosemantic content expressed by consonants, the words contained grammatical properties embedded in vowels and tones. Pictures that were mismatched with any of the words’ phonological cues elicited an N400 in tonal learners. Non-tonal learners only produced an N400 when the mismatch was based on a word's vowel or consonants, not the tone. The emergence of the N400 might indicate that error processing in L2 learners (unlike canonical processing) does not initially differentiate between grammar and semantics. Importantly, only errors based on familiar phonological cues evoked a mismatch-related response, highlighting the importance of phonological transfer in initial second language acquisition.

N170 reflects visual familiarity and automatic sublexical phonological access in L2 written word processing

Yen Na Yum, Sam-Po Law

Abstract The literature has mixed reports on whether the N170, an early visual ERP response to words, signifies orthographic and/or phonological processing, and whether these effects are moderated by script and language expertise. In this study, native Chinese readers, Japanese–Chinese, and Korean–Chinese bilingual readers performed a one-back repetition detection task with single Chinese characters that differed in phonological regularity status. Results using linear mixed effects models showed that Korean–Chinese readers had bilateral N170 response, while native Chinese and Japanese–Chinese groups had left-lateralized N170, with stronger left lateralization in native Chinese than Japanese–Chinese readers. Additionally, across groups, irregular characters had bilateral increase in N170 amplitudes compared to regular characters. These results suggested that visual familiarity to a script rather than orthography-phonology mapping determined the left lateralization of the N170 response, while there was automatic access to sublexical phonology in the N170 time window in native and non-native readers alike.

Priming and persistence in bilinguals: What codeswitching tells us about lexical priming in sentential contexts*

Michael A. Johns, Laura Rodrigo, Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo, Aliza Winneg, Paola E. Dussias

Abstract Most studies on lexical priming have examined single words presented in isolation, despite language users rarely encountering words in such cases. The present study builds upon this by examining both within-language identity priming and across-language translation priming in sentential contexts. Highly proficient Spanish–English bilinguals read sentence-question pairs, where the sentence contained the prime and the question contained the target. At earlier stages of processing, we find evidence only of within-language identity priming; at later stages of processing, however, across-language translation priming surfaces, and becomes as strong as within-language identity priming. Increasing the time between the prime sentence and target question results in strengthened priming at the latest stages of processing. These results replicate previous findings at the single-word level but do so within sentential contexts, which has implications both for accounts of priming via automatic spreading activation as well as for accounts of persistence attested in spontaneous speech corpora.

Bilingual acquisition of reference: The role of language experience, executive functions and cross-linguistic effects

Jacopo Torregrossa, Maria Andreou, Christiane Bongartz, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli

Abstract The present study aims to understand which factors contribute to different patterns of use of referring expressions by bilingual children, by considering the triangulation between language experience and proficiency, executive functions and cross-linguistic effects. We analyze reference use in Greek in the context of a narrative elicitation task as performed by 125 children of different language combinations, including Greek–Albanian, Greek–English and Greek–German. We calculate, for each child, an index of language experience that combines a proficiency measure with background questionnaire information. After identifying the occurrences of underinformative (underspecified) and overinformative (overspecified) referring expressions in the production of each child, we investigate to what extent each pattern of reference use is affected by language experience, cross-linguistic effects and executive functions. The study aims to shed some new light on the nature of overspecification and underspecification in bilingual reference production and, more in general, to model variation in reference use among bilingual children.

Language of instruction affects language interference in the third language

Brendan Tomoschuk, Wouter Duyck, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Victor S. Ferreira, Tamar H. Gollan

Abstract Applied linguistic work claims that multilinguals’ non-native languages interfere with one another based on similarities in cognitive factors like proficiency or age of acquisition. Two experiments explored how trilinguals regulate control of native- and non-native-language words. Experiment 1 tested 46 Dutch–English–French trilinguals in a monitoring task. Participants decided if phonemes were present in the target language name of a picture, phonemes of non-target language translations resulted in longer response times and more false alarms compared to phonemes not present in any translation (Colomé, 2001). The second language (English) interfered more than the first (Dutch) when trilinguals monitored in their third language (French). In Experiment 2, 95 bilinguals learned an artificial language to explore the possibility that the language from which a bilingual learns a third language provides practice managing known-language interference. Language of instruction modulated results, suggesting that learning conditions may reduce interference effects previously attributed to cognitive factors.

The effects of input and output modalities on language switching between Chinese and English

Wai Leung Wong, Urs Maurer

Abstract Language control is important for bilinguals to produce words in the right language. While most previous studies investigated language control using visual stimuli with vocal responses, language control regarding auditory stimuli and manual responses was rarely examined. In the present study, an alternating language switching paradigm was used to investigate language control mechanism under two input modalities (visual and auditory) and two output modalities (manual and vocal) by measuring switch costs in both error percentage and reaction time (RT) in forty-eight Cantonese–English early bilinguals. Results showed that higher switch costs in RT were found with auditory stimuli than visual stimuli, possibly due to shorter preparation time with auditory stimuli. In addition, switch costs in RT and error percentage could be obtained not only in speaking, but also in handwriting. Therefore, language control mechanisms, such as inhibition of the non-target language, may be shared between speaking and handwriting.

Cognitive restructuring in the multilingual mind: language-specific effects on processing efficiency of caused motion events in Cantonese–English–Japanese speakers

Yi Wang, Li Wei

Abstract The current study explores how multilingual speakers with three typologically different languages (satellite-framed, verb-framed and equipollent-framed) encode and gauge event similarity in the domain of caused motion. Specifically, it addresses whether, and to what extent, the acquisition of an L2-English and an L3-Japanese reconstructs the lexicalization and conceptualization patterns established in the L1-Cantonese when the target language is actively involved in the decision-making process. Results show that multilingual speakers demonstrated an ongoing process of cognitive restructuring towards the target language (L3) in both linguistic encoding (event structures and semantic representations) and non-linguistic conceptualization (reaction time). And the degree of the restructuring is modulated by the amount of language contact with the L2 and L3. The study suggests that learning a language means internalizing a new way of thinking and provides positive evidence for L3-biased cognitive restructuring within the framework of thinking-for-speaking.

Lexical alignment is affected by addressee but not speaker nativeness

Ellise Suffill, Timea Kutasi, Martin J. Pickering, Holly P. Branigan

Abstract Interlocutors tend to refer to objects using the same names as each other. We investigated whether native and non-native interlocutors’ tendency to do so is influenced by speakers’ nativeness and by their beliefs about an interlocutor's nativeness. A native or non-native participant and a native or non-native confederate directed each other around a map to deliver objects to locations. We manipulated whether confederates referred to objects using a favored or disfavored name, while controlling for confederates’ language behavior. We found evidence of audience design for native and non-native addressees: participants were more likely to use a disfavored name after a non-native confederate used that name than after a native confederate used that name; this tendency did not differ between native and non-native participants. Results suggest that both native and non-native speakers can adapt to the language of non-native partners through non-automatic, goal-directed mechanisms of alignment during cognitively demanding communicative tasks.

Literacy, metalinguistic, and executive functions processing in bilingual children speakers of similar typology languages in a border area

Talita dos Santos Gonçalves, Vanisa Fante Viapiana, Rochele Paz Fonseca, Lilian Cristine Hübner

Abstract This study aimed to analyze whether there are differences between bilingual (Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish) and monolingual (Brazilian Portuguese) school children regarding reading and writing learning achievement, in executive functions (EF) components and metalinguistic abilities. Twenty-three bilingual and 23 monolingual children, aged 6 to 8 years, were assessed in terms of their writing, reading, and metalinguistic abilities, and with verbal and non-verbal tasks testing EF. A bilingual advantage was observed in reading and writing abilities and in 16 of the 44 EF measures, including subcomponents of working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and executive attention, mainly in non-verbal paradigms, while monolingual children outperformed bilingual ones in three scores: counting errors (Five Digits Test), omission of bells (Bells test) and sequential trial B (Trail Making Test). There were moderate and weak effect sizes in metalinguistic subcomponents showing bilingual advantage. Literacy improvement seems to have the potential to increase linguistic and cognitive abilities.

The role of L1 and L2 frequency in cross-linguistic structural priming: An artificial language learning study

Merel Muylle, Sarah Bernolet, Robert J. Hartsuiker

Abstract We investigated L1 and L2 frequency effects in the sharing of syntax across languages (reflected in cross-linguistic structural priming) using an artificial language (AL) paradigm. Ninety-six Dutch speakers learned an AL with either a prepositional-object (PO) dative bias (PO datives appeared three times as often as double-object [DO] datives) or a DO dative bias (DOs appeared three times as often as POs). Priming was assessed from the AL to Dutch (a strongly PO-biased language). There was weak immediate priming for DOs, but not for POs in both bias conditions. This suggests that L1, but not AL, frequency influenced immediate priming. Furthermore, the DO bias group produced 10% more DOs in Dutch than the PO bias group, showing that cumulative priming was influenced by AL frequency. We discuss the different effects of L1 and AL frequency on cross-linguistic structural priming in terms of lexicalist and implicit learning accounts.

Cross-linguistic interactions across modalities: Effects of the oral language on sign production

Marc Gimeno-Martínez, Andreas Mädebach, Cristina Baus

Abstract To investigate cross-linguistic interactions in bimodal bilingual production, behavioural and electrophysiological measures (ERPs) were recorded from 24 deaf bimodal bilinguals while naming pictures in Catalan Sign Language (LSC). Two tasks were employed, a picture-word interference and a picture-picture interference task. Cross-linguistic effects were explored via distractors that were either semantically related to the target picture, to the phonology/orthography of the Spanish name of the target picture, or were unrelated. No semantic effects were observed in sign latencies, but ERPs differed between semantically related and unrelated distractors. For the form-related manipulation, a facilitation effect was observed both behaviourally and at the ERP level. Importantly, these effects were not influenced by the type of distractor (word/picture) presented providing the first piece of evidence that deaf bimodal bilinguals are sensitive to oral language in sign production. Implications for models of cross-linguistic interactions in bimodal bilinguals are discussed.

Insights into codeswitching from online communication: Effects of language preference and conditions arising from vocabulary richness

Laurie Beth Feldman, Vidhushini Srinivasan, Rachel B. Fernandes, Samira Shaikh

Abstract Twitter data from a crisis that impacted many English–Spanish bilinguals show that the direction of codeswitches is associated with the statistically documented tendency of single speakers to prefer one language over another in their tweets, as gleaned from their tweeting history. Further, lexical diversity, a measure of vocabulary richness derived from information-theoretic measures of uncertainty in communication, is greater in proximity to a codeswitch than in productions remote from a switch. The prospects of a role for lexical diversity in characterizing the conditions for a language switch suggest that communicative precision may induce conditions that attenuate constraints against language mixing.

期刊简介

Bilingualism: Language and Cognition is an international peer-reviewed journal focusing on bilingualism from a linguistic, psycholinguistic, and neuroscientific perspective. The aims of the journal are to promote research on the bilingual and multilingual person and to encourage debate in the field. Areas covered include: bilingual language competence, bilingual language processing, bilingual language acquisition in children and adults, bimodal bilingualism, neurolinguistics of bilingualism in normal and brain-damaged individuals, computational modelling of bilingual language competence and performance, and the study of cognitive functions in bilinguals. The journal maintains an inclusive attitude to research involving all languages, and we specifically encourage the study of less well researched languages (including especially minority and minoritized languages) to increase our understanding of how language and cognition interact in the bilingual individual.

《双语:语言与认知》是一本国际同行评议的期刊，本期刊从语言学、心理语言学和神经科学的角度关注双语。本期刊旨在促进对双语和多语言人群的研究，并鼓励在该领域的观点争鸣。涉及的领域包括:双语语言能力、双语语言加工、儿童和成人的双语语言习得、双模态双语、关于正常和脑损伤双语个体的神经语言学研究、双语语言能力和表现的计算模型、双语认知功能的研究。该杂志对涉及所有语言的研究持包容态度，同时特别鼓励对研究较少的语言(特别是少数民族和少数民族语言)进行考察，以增加我们对语言和认知在双语个体中如何相互作用的理解。

官网地址：

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bilingualism-language-and-cognition

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