针对社会健康的响应型技术（2）– 健康与技术

UNStudio在北京2018国际媒体建筑双年展(MAB)发表了一篇由Ben van Berkel、Wael Batal及Filippo Lodi共同撰写的研究论文。这篇论文预测感知技术在城市建筑和基础设施中的整合。其目的是通过UNStudio的项目研究对于社会和建筑环境的潜力和影响，重点探索“健康”与建筑技术的交集，并区分“响应”与“智能”城市之间的差异。

该论文作为我们UNStudio知识平台持续进行的健康知识分享系列的一部份，讨论针对社会健康的响应型技术。

UNStudio presented research paper co-written by Ben van Berkel, Wael Batal and Filippo Lodi at the Media Architecture Biennale (MAB) 2018 in Beijing. This paper speculates on the integration of sensory technology in architecture and in the infrastructure of cities. The objective is to study the potentialities - and effects - of this on society and the built environment through projects at UNStudio. The focus will be to both explore the intersections between ‘health’ and technology in architecture, and to distinguish a difference between ‘responsive’ versus ‘smart’ cities.

It is part of our on-going knowledge sharing series on health by UNSKnowledge on the responsive technologies of social health.

 健康与技术 

 Health & Technology 

“压力”和健康的社会决定因素

‘Stress’ and Social Determinants of Health

“我们需要一个新的经济模型。我指的不是资本主义和共产主义。我所说的是体制的转变 [新自由主义的自由市场并不受政府捍預]……从主要关注增长本身，转而最大限度地提高人类福祉。”——(2016)英国新经济基金会斯图尔特·沃利斯 (Stewart Wallis)

当我们想到历史上最著名的两位城市规划师，奥斯曼男爵 (Baron Haussmann) 和勒·柯布西耶 (Le Corbusier) 时，健康是支持应用/一般解决方案的基础，并对社会带来了规范性的影响。 

“We need a new economic model. By that, I don’t mean capitalism versus communism. What I’m talking about is a shift in the system [of neoliberalism of free markets and getting governments out of the way]…[to one] that will be focused, as its key goal, not on growth, per se, but on maximizing human well-being.”– Stewart Wallis, New Economics Foundation, UK (2016)

When one takes into consideration two of history’s most prominent urban city planners, Baron Haussmann and Le Corbusier, health supported universal/generic solutions with a particularly normalizing effect on society. 

▲The RESET Pods

1854年，奥斯曼男爵 (Baron Haussmann) 受拿破仑三世委托，在城市中开辟大马路，拓宽街道，清除“不利因素”，在城市居民中推广环境卫生和个人卫生原则，并为资产阶级提供了休闲空间。在 19 世纪早期到中期，勒·柯布西耶非常关注健康，强行修建了跑道、游泳池和阳台，鼓励人们与自然重建联系，推广锻炼的价值。在萨伏伊别墅，这种高度关注在别墅一楼表现得淋漓尽致，洗手盆位于一楼中央位置，只要一进门就能看见。这样，人们可以在穿过别墅前往楼顶花园散步之前洗手清洁。从表面来看，洗手盆位于中心位置强调卫生——但在家庭生活的层次结构中——取代了围绕壁炉的家庭结构。

如今，我们对健康的关注与现代主义者对卫生、纯洁和神话式理想人类的兴趣形成了鲜明对比。尽管现代主义者认同对福祉的普遍理解——使之能延伸到并强加于任何社会团体，以实现现代化世界——机器传感技术对健康的关注使个人能够适应特定的环境，因此，对社会有各种不同的广泛影响。生活在 21 世纪，几乎所有的必需品都触手可及，我们的设计策略特别关注能打造健康生活环境的技术创新和公共政策。

In 1854, Baron Haussmann - commissioned by Napoleon III - imposed the principles of sanitation and hygiene upon the city dweller by carving large avenues through the city, widening the streets and clearing off the “unfavorables” and providing great chances for the leisure of the bourgeoisie. During the early to mid-nineteen-hundreds, Le Corbusier’s obsession with health led to the enforcement of running tracks, pools and sun terraces, encouraged a reconnection with nature and promoted the value of exercise. In Villa Savoye, this obsession is clearly evident on the first floor where the sink occupies a central location in the plan and is the first element that a person encounters so that they can cleanse themselves before beginning the promenade through the villa to the verdant rooftop. Ostensibly, the central location of the sink asserts that hygiene - in the hierarchies of domesticity - replaced the construct of the family surrounding the fireplace.

Today, our interest in health stands in clear contrast to Modernist interest in hygiene, purity and the myth of the ideal man. Whereas Modernism supported a universal & generic understanding of well-being - such that it could be stretched and imposed upon any society in an effort to Modernize the world - the focus of Health enabled by the technologies of machine sensing allows for particular & specific accommodation to the individual, and therefore has widely different effects on society. Living in a twenty-first century world, where almost every sort of necessity is available at one’s fingertips, technological innovations and public policies that enable healthy environments are of particular interest in our design strategies.

▲The RESET Pods

为了更深入地研究世界卫生组织（世卫组织）概述的健康定义，基于“卫生保健”之外的许多综合因素，并以“健康的社会决定因素”为中心，我们将这些因素分为两类：

• 结构性决定因素，如：社会经济和政治环境、治理、政策、价值观或社会经济地位、收入、职业、教育、社会阶层、性别和种族

• 媒介决定因素，如：物质环境、工作环境、社会心理因素、紧张的生活环境、行为、生物因素、社会连通性和卫生系统，以上因素根据人们获得不同类型和质量的卫生保健而存在差异。 

以前，这些因素主要由金钱、权力和政策分配资源组成。而如今，问题不仅是获取卫生保健或卫生保健系统的质量，皆因两点只占健康决定因素的 11%。现在，通过综合性机器视觉支持的建筑和城市设计媒介，我们可参与定义社会健康的许多其它方面，还能让人们参与决定自己的健康情况。

如今，压力是健康的主要因素，也是关键媒介决定因素，与心脏病、高血压、肥胖、成瘾、焦虑和抑郁有关。根据世卫组织对珍•皮埃尔•布朗 (Jean-Pierre Brun) 教授关于职业健康的报告引用，自 2006 年以来，因压力导致的旷工、离职和生产率下降估计每年给美国企业造成 3 亿美元的损失。 

To dig deeper into the definition of health, as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is based on many combined factors beyond ‘healthcare’ and are centered on the “social determinants of health” which fall under two categories:

• Structural determinants such as socioeconomic and political context, governance, policies,values, or socioeconomic status, income, occupation, education, social class, gender and ethnicity;

• Intermediary determinants, such as material circumstances, the work environment, psycho-social factors, stressful living situations, behavioral, biological factors, social connectedness, and health systems which vary with regards to people’s access to different types and quality of healthcare. 

Previously these were shaped by money, power and distribution of resources through policy. The issue today is not only about access to healthcare or quality of healthcare systems as they only make up 11% of the determinants of health.  Now, through the medium of architectural and urban design enabled by integrated machine vision, we can engage with many other aspects that define social health and allow people to participate in the determination of their own health.

Today, stress is a major factor and key intermediary determinant of health, as is linked to heart disease, hypertension, obesity, addiction, anxiety and depression.  According to a WHO report citation of Professor Jean-Pierre Brun, on Occupational Health, the impact of stress induced absenteeism, turn-over and reduced productivity can be estimated to cost U.S. enterprises 300 million dollars per year since 2006. 

▲The RESET Pods

过去 12 年来，对于许多人来说，智能手机领域的技术进步让这种状况更加严重。 

“新的智能手机、平板电脑、应用程序 (Aps) 和复杂的企业级系统原意让人们能通过互联世界节省成本、提高效率，最终实现工作与生活的平衡。一键操作，达到事半功倍已成为可能，但是工作压力却持续上升。人们发现自己时时刻刻都与工作紧密相连，而一种新的社交沉迷症正在全国各地的家庭和企业逐步蔓延。人们大部分时间都埋头看手机，时刻查看电子邮件和短信，或者玩在线游戏。而在社交媒体生活中，人们的生活负荷越来越重，人际关系也受到了影响。要想工作与生活达到平衡看似更像白日梦。”

健康的第二个关键媒介决定因素对今天的个人与特定社会集体结构之间的关系尤为重要，那就是社会联系。社会联系是我们作为人类的核心。此外，研究表明，社会联系往往更能促进心理健康；如果一个人精神健康，这并不一定意味着他有更多的社会联系，但如果一个人的社会联系更紧密，那么他有可能拥有更好的精神状况和公共福祉。

城市内部和民族国家之间划定的边界、障碍、围墙和其他它硬性界线与社会联系相互矛盾，因为它们会将共同地区的公民分离，还会限制人们在领土内的自由活动。当我们越来越依赖社交媒体平台来克服这些障碍，那我们的目标就是要找到新的策略来消除这些物理障碍。

在我们的两大项目：“The Reset Pods”和“Lelylaan A10 环道(Lelylaan A10 Ring)”中，这些问题就是核心目标。

Over the past 12 years, technological advancement in the smart phone sector has exacerbated this condition for a large percentage of people. 

“New smartphones, tablets, aps and sophisticated enterprise wide systems promised cost savings, efficiency and finally work-life balance via the connected world. Doing more with less was now possible with a click of a button, but yet workplace stress continued to rise. People found themselves connected to their work 24/7 while a new societal addiction crept into homes and businesses throughout the country. As people spent more time with their heads down looking at their phones, checking email and texting around the clock, online gaming, and living through social media their lives shifted to overload and interpersonal relationships suffered. Work-life balance continued to feel like a pipe dream.”

A second crucial intermediary determinant of health that is of particular importance to today’s relationship between an individual and the constructs of a given social collectivity is, ostensibly, Social Connectedness. It is no surprise that social ties are central to what makes us human. Furthermore, research shows that socialconnection more often leads to mental health than the opposite; if you are mentally healthy it does not always follow that you will be more socially connected, however if you are more socially connected then the chances are you will have better mental health and public well-being.

Edges, barriers, walls and other hard lines drawn within cities and between nation states contradict social connectedness as they divide and separate citizens of a common area. They also restrict the free movement of people between territories.  In a world where we are increasingly reliant on social media platforms to overcome this, we aim for new strategies to dissolve these physical barriers.

For two of our projects, ‘The Reset Pods’ and the ‘Lelylaan A10 Ring’ projects, these issues are at the core of their ambition.

▲The RESET Pods

RESET减压迷你房

RESET Stress Reduction Pods

2017 年在米兰家具展 (Salone del Mobile) 上展出的RESET减压迷你房是与 SCAPE 合作设计的工作原型，也是概念展馆的证明。该项目由一系列的迷你房组成，作为办公空间内的休息室，让人们从紧张的工作环境中得到放松。共设计了三种环境，并通过改变墙上的投影、声音、音调和音乐来测量并回应人们的压力水平。其空间特性根据人们活动和生物特征数据（包括大脑信号和心率间隔）而变化。迷你房和人体身上都装有传感器，从而可创建一个数据点网络，旨在降低压力，最终提升人类健康。

Exhibited at the Salone del Mobile in Milan in 2017, the RESET Stress Reduction Pods are designed in collaboration with SCAPE as a working prototype and proof of concept pavilion. The project is a series of pods, proposed as breakrooms within an office space, and invites individuals to have a relief from a stressful working environment. Three environments are designed to measure and react to individual’s stress levels by changing projections on the walls, sounds, tones and music. Its spatial qualities change based on human movements and biometric data including brain signals and heart rate intervals. Sensors are integrated into the pod and worn on the human body to create a network of data points with a single mission: decreasing stress and eventually increasing human health.

健康 Health

RESET的任务得以实现，不仅是因为灯光和音乐会根据用户的压力水平而变化，还因为这样一个物理空间（作为建筑方案的一部分）能将工作的休息融入到工作文化当中。该项目激发并提高了公众对我们工作空间中其中一个被忽视的问题的意识。在RESET项目中，健康是非常个人的因素，而不仅仅是办公室的一般质量。

首先，因为每个人的生物特征数据不同，RESET直接与个体相互作用，不会以同样的方式对待每个人，也不会为无压力的环境提供一套通用的解决方案。在RESET空间内，每位用户的体验根据各自需要量身定制，与其他人的体验并不相同。

第二，员工可在几周内多次使用RESET迷你房，追踪该空间对自己的影响。尽管在RESET迷你房中，人体健康的测量单独进行，但其影响的对象不仅是每个人，而且对整个办公室的生产力都具有革命性意义，还能减少压力对公司的经济影响。RESET迷你房项目目的是通过在国家和全球范围内对工作场所的社会健康采取自下而上的方式，从而影响城市的经济和生产力。

The mission of RESET is being realized not only because lights and music change based on user’s stress level, but also because the existence of such a physical space as a part of the architectural program, integrates a work break within the culture of work. It raises and challenges public awareness regarding one of the overlooked problems of our working spaces. Health in RESET is considered as a very personal factor and not merely a general quality of an office.

Firstly, it directly interacts with individuals as their biometric data are distinct; rather than to treat everyone in the same way and to provide a generic solution to a stress-free environment. Each user’s experience of the space is customized to their needs and is not the same experience as that of another individual.

Secondly, an employee can track the pods’ effects on herself during multiple uses of the pod during weeks. While human health in the RESET pods is being measured individually, its effects are transformative not only for each individual but also for the productivity of the whole office and reduce the economic impact of stress upon an organization. Scaled up, the RESET pod project aims to influence the economy and productivity of cities through a bottom up approach on socialhealth in the workplace on a national and global scale.   

▲The RESET Pods

综合技术 Integrated Technology

为了实现建筑、媒体投影、声音和迷你房中的体验者四者之间形成互动，各种感官技术集成一起，测量并收集有关迷你房体验者的数据。将 Kinect 设备嵌入墙壁中，跟踪人们与墙壁的距离。通过这种方式，人与墙壁直接接触时，投影可进行调整并做出反应。可穿戴的监测仪将心跳间隔和脑电图数据收集起来，并将这些数据结合专有算法 (Reset Index™) ，分析用户的心理和生理压力状态。有了这些信息，用户的个人资料可根据其对压力的承受能力得到一个百分比，然后转换成个性化的预测、颜色和声音，以适应用户们的情绪状态。

To allow for the interaction between the architecture, the media projections, sounds, and the people experiencing the pods, various sensory technologies were integrated to measure and collect data about the inhabitants. Kinect devices were embedded into the walls to track people’s proximity to the walls, which allowed the projections to modulate and react if the wall was directly touched. Wearable monitors collected heart beat intervals and EEG data which were combined in a proprietary algorithm - The Reset Index™ - to analyze an individual’s psychophysiological stress state. With this information, a percentage was assigned to a user’s profile based on their resilience to stress, which was then translated to personalized projections, colors and sounds to accommodate their emotional state.

▲The RESET Pods

透明 Transparency

RESET迷你房并不是一个可在没有用户参与且不透明的情况下改善健康的“黑匣子”。需要重点考虑的是，传感器的数据只显示了人类压力这一复杂问题的一部分。用户的行为和生物特征数据经可穿戴设备监控，后者还将数据发送到迷你房的核心软件中。之后，该软件通过实时修改光和声音来改变空间状态。参与者亦建议查看RESET网站上的个人建议来跟进他们的体验，他们可以接触管理工具，提供反馈，并参与到积极塑造RESET的发展中。

使用传感器的迷你房保持透明至关重要，因为通过数据，用户能知道他们的数据如何被转换成压力级别。RESET项目不是为了让技术的影响隐形、为人熟知，甚至意识不到，而是旨在让人与机器之间的透明互动变得移动性，从而产生与社会健康相关的强烈氛围效应。

RESET is not a “black box” that can improve health without user participation and transparency. It is important to consider that sensors’ data only show aportion of the complex matter of human stress. A user’s behavior and biometric data is being monitored by wearable devices which send data to the pod’s core software. Then, the software modifies the space through light and sound modifications in real-time. Visitors are also encouraged to follow up on their experience by looking at personal recommendations on the RESET website, where they can access ongoing management tools, give feedback and participate in shaping the positive development of RESET.

Transparency of the pod’s use of sensors is essential as the data allows the user to be aware of how their data is being translated to stress level. Rather than to make the effects of technology invisible, familiar and unconscious, RESET mobilizes the transparent interaction between human and machine, to produce intense atmospheric effects that engage with social health.

▲荷兰阿姆斯特丹 A10 环道 Lelylaan A10 Ring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

智慧城市不一定是健康城市

Smart Cities do not always equal Healthy Cities

在今天的城市发展中，“智慧”一词，以及围绕“智慧”相关的各种议论，几乎都已击破，作为一种实证主义概念，总让人联想到科布西人或奥斯曼人的意识形态。该词唤起了“现代人”的多次尝试，试图勾勒出一套通用的标准。通过这些标准，任何一座城市都能被默认为是“智慧”城市，但前提是这座城市要遵守一份具有指导性的发展手册。

当然，“智慧”城市并不总是能创造出一个健康的城市。城市只是简单地连接、接入或嵌入测量和监视技术，而没有经过部署解决特定的问题或提出关键性问题，这是普遍解决方案中的倒退意识形态的表现。尽管许多智慧城市倡议的初衷很好，试图为做公众服务，但这些努力也会累积成为问题。此外，“智慧”，在城市结构的定义中提出了一种事实上的“质量”形式，否定了复杂性、多样性和偶然性对社会健康城市的发展至关重要的可能性。

比如， Alphabet's Sidewalk Labs 实验室将城市视为城市生活的实验室，在这里，他们正在“朝着智能建筑的标准”努力，正在启动“模型”等试点项目，帮助社区“就负担能力、可持续性和交通需求达成共识”。

The term ‘Smart’ – along with the buzz that surrounds it - in today’s development of cities is all but bankrupt as a Positivist concept reminiscent of the Corbusian or Hausmannian ideologies. It recalls ‘Modern’ attempts to outline a universal set of criteria through which any city could be deemed ‘Smart’ by default if it complies with a prescriptive manual for development.

For certain, a ‘Smart’ city does not always produce a Healthy city. Cities that are simply connected/wired/embedded with technologies of measurement and surveillance without being deployed to solve a particular problem, or to pose a critical question, is symptomatic of the retrograde ideologies of universal solutions.  While many smart city initiatives are well intentioned and attempt to do public good, the accumulation of these efforts become problematic. Furthermore, it suggests a de facto form of ‘quality’ in the definition of the urban fabric that negates the possibility that complexity, diversity and the accidental, are essential to the development of socially healthy cities.

Alphabet’s Sidewalk Labs, for example, considers the city as a laboratory of urban life within which they are working “Towards a Standard for Smart Buildings” and are launching pilot programs such as “Model” which helps communities “build consensus on affordability, sustainability and transportation needs.”

▲荷兰阿姆斯特丹 A10 环道 Lelylaan A10 Ring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

但是，仅为了达成“共识”，这样努力似乎错过了利用“高准真数据”描绘这座城市各种条件和观点的机会。尽管达成共识能推动引入“更快政策”，但是却忽略了多样性对健康城市的重要性。此外，即使可以绘制出城市的不同属性，但这些属性也可能只是形成一个固定、单一的集体意见，或者形成某种形式的科学真理，当然，这样的状态并不支持多种意见共存。“智慧”监控系统对“预测性警务”的排挤可能是最明显的表现。

哲学家艾蒂安特平 (Etienne Turpin)认为，在他对“智慧城市”概念的批判中，他表示，“人们必须更密切地关注人与人之间的差异、权力的不平等和不对称，而这正是这些问题的核心所在，而不是仅试图通过自动化或计算过程就希望问题自动消失。”本文的重点是扩展这一批判，区分“智慧”城市和“响应型”城市。其中，“智慧”是一种实证主义的信念，即社会按照从上到下强加的一般规律发展运行；而“响应型”城市则致力于互动结构，使个人与集体都能评估并确定自己是否“幸福”。通过响应型建筑、基础设施和城市环境，可实现增强社会联系（健康的另一个媒介决定因素）的可能性，并且在不断发展的城市中蓬勃成长。在阿姆斯特丹市，我们的 Lelylaan A10 环道方案旨在将这点付诸行动。

To go through such effort only to achieve ‘consensus’, however, seems to miss the opportunity to leverage “high fidelity data” to map the diverse conditions and opinions of the city. While building consensus may help to induce “faster policies”, it naively negates the importance of diversity as an essential factor of healthy cities. Further, even if the diverse properties of the city were mapped, they may only form a fixed, singular collective opinion; or some form of scientific truth, which of course does not support diversity of opinion. The discriminatory nature of ‘smart’ monitoring systems for ‘predictive policing’ being perhaps the most symptomatic of this.

As philosopher Etienne Turpin argues in his critique of the concept of ‘smart cities’, “We have to attend more closely to our differences and the inequalities and asymmetries of power that are at the core of some of those issues rather than trying to wish them away through a process of automation orcomputation”.  It is the imperative of this paper to extend this critique and differentiate between ‘smart’ and ‘Responsive’ cities; where ‘Smart’ shares the Positivist belief that society operates according to general laws which can be imposed from above, ‘Responsive’ cities are committed to interactive structures that enable both the individual and collective to evaluate and determine ‘well-being’ for themselves. Through responsive architecture, infrastructure and urban environments, the potential for heightened social connectedness – another intermediary determinant of health – can be realized and can flourish in the ongoing development of cities.  For the city of Amsterdam, our Lelylaan A10 Ring proposal aimed to put this to action.

▲荷兰阿姆斯特丹 A10 环道 Lelylaan A10 Ring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Lelylaan A10 环道与社会联系

Lelylaan A10 Ring and Social Connectedness

UNStudio 受荷兰皇家建筑师协会委托，与 Rijkswaterstraat 和阿姆斯特丹市议会协商，同 Goudappel Coffeng（移动顾问）、GeoPhy（数据专家）和 2getthere（自动化系统）共同努力，研究阿姆斯特丹 A10 高速公路附近 Lelylaan 的发展区域，并提出一个适应未来健康增长的建议。A10 “环道”是一条环绕城市主要高速公路，因此，城市交通是实现未来健康增长的基础。

早在 17 世纪，由于造船业、贸易和工业的蓬勃发展，大量移民涌入阿姆斯特丹，使其经济呈指数级增长。由于城市的外部由湍流的运河划为地界，城市的每一次扩张都产生了一系列的同心河环，由此，成就了今天的阿姆斯特丹。尽管每条新环路都将城市的边界向外延展，但在 A10 高速公路铺设完后，这条道路的贡献不仅仅在于扩大城市的领土，还汇成了一条贫富分界线。

Commissioned by the The Royal Institute of Dutch Architects - in consultation with the Rijkswaterstraat and the Amsterdam City Council – UNStudio joined efforts with Goudappel Coffeng (mobility consultant), GeoPhy (data specialists) and 2getthere (automated systems), to examine the developing area of Lelylaan near the A10 highway in Amsterdam, and to offer a proposal to accommodate healthy future growth. As the A10 “ring-road” is a major highway that circumscribes the city, urban transportation was fundamental to the approach.

In the early 17th century, Amsterdam grew exponentially due to the booming economy of ship building, trade and industry which brought waves of immigrants to the city. As the outer boundary of the city was inscribed into the ground by water filled canals, each expansion of the city resulted in the series of concentric canal rings that define the city today. Although each new ring extended the boundary of the city outwards, when the A10 highway was paved, it did more than expand the territory of the city; it solidified into a dividing line with affluence on one side, and its opposite on the other.

▲荷兰阿姆斯特丹 A10 复兴研究旨在融合连接 A10 公路两边区域，从而缓和因公路带来的物理和社会障碍。Lelylaan A10 Ring aims to connect the two sides of the A10 and to smooth over the physical and social barrier of the highway.

因此，该项目提案旨在融合连接 A10 公路两边区域，从而缓和因公路带来的物理和社会障碍。Lelylaan 立交桥的两侧设置了新的项目和设施，包括街道两侧的两座停车楼。A10 区域的通勤者可从高速公路的任何一个方向直接进入停车场，并通过两座停车场之间的吊舱/电车站在当地继续他们的旅程。自行车、地铁、电车等多种交通方式相互结合形成了一个多功能的交通枢纽。该提案还包括一个名为 CityPods 的新型自动交通系统的上落客点，提供一条直达市中心的无人驾驶系统。除了汽车与人、汽车与汽车、汽车与城市之间的自动通讯外，通过有效利用道路和停车场还能减轻通勤者的压力。

为了进一步减轻通勤者的压力，该项目预计：自主驾驶技术将得到提议的“自治街道边”的支持，使实时生活的街道网格能根据用户交互（如交通路径、事件、噪音和天气）作出响应，从而作出变化。

通过硬件（建筑环境）和软件（响应技术）之间的互动，我们可以打造出一个更健康的社会，每个人可以与弗雷德里克•詹姆逊 (Frederick Jameson) 的真实版城市认知地图进行互动： 

“个体部分的情境性表征受制于更广阔的、无法完全表示的整体，这是整个社会结构的集合。”——弗雷德里克•詹姆逊 (Fredric Jameson)

The objective of the proposal was, therefore, to connect the two sides of the A10 and to smooth over the physical and social barrier of the highway. New programs and amenities were injected into either side of the Lelylaan overpass, including two parking buildings on either side of the street. Regional A10 commuters could enter the parking loop directly from either direction of the highway and continue their journey locally via the POD/Tram station between the two parking buildings.  Multiple modes of transit, such as bicycles, underground metro, and trams, combined to form a multifunctional transithub. The proposal also included a pickup point for a new autonomous transportation system called CityPods, which offer a direct line to the city center with a driverless system. Supplemented by automated communications from car to people, car to car and car to city, the efficient use of roads andparking would also reduce the stress of commuters.

Further reducing commuter stress, the project anticipates technologies of autonomous-drive that would be supported by a proposed ‘autonomous street edge’ which enables a real time living street grid that responsively changes based on user interaction such as circulation paths, events, noise, and weather.

Through the interaction between hardware (built environment) and software (responsive technologies), we can plan for healthier societies in which individuals can interact with a living version of what Frederick Jameson calls a cognitive map of the city: 

“a situational representation of the part of the individual subject to that vaster and properly unrepresentable totality which is the ensemble of society’s structures as a whole.” – Fredric Jameson

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