数字创新生态系统：理论构建与未来研究

张超，陈凯华，穆荣平

（中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院，北京100190)

摘要：数字化重塑了创新主体之间的价值共创方式，拓展了现有创新生态系统理论，引发关于数字创新生态系统的思考。本文提出数字创新生态系统的两种表现形式：创新导向的数字生态系统（又称“数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型”）以及数字赋能的创新生态系统（又称“数字创新生态系统Ⅱ型”）。创新导向型的数字生态系统旨在促进数字创新的产生、应用与扩散，这一围绕数字主体而形成的创新生态系统延续了数字生态系统收敛性、可扩展性、自生长性和模块性的基本特征。数字赋能的创新生态系统是数字化进程与创新主体间价值共创行为深度融合的结果，实现了创新生态系统内主体、结构、制度、功能和演进的数字化转型。数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型彼此渗透、相互促进，改进了创新主体之间的价值共创方式，推动了创新能力与创新效能的全面提升。最后，建议未来研究从案例分析、形成机制分析、发展战略分析、政策研究和监测研究等方面来健全和完善数字创新生态系统理论。

关键词：数字创新生态系统；数字生态系统；创新生态系统；数字创新；价值共创

主要研究结论：数字化加速了要素的关联和重组，扩展了现有创新生态系统理论，引发关于构建数字创新生态系统的思考。本文对“数字创新生态系统”进行了系统研究和界定，提出了“数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型”和“数字创新生态系统Ⅱ型”的概念，构建了数字创新生态系统的理论分析框架。本文的理论贡献和主要发现如下：

首先，本文界定了创新导向的数字生态系统（又称“数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型”）以及数字赋能的创新生态系统（又称“数字创新生态系统Ⅱ型”）的概念，为理解数字创新生态系统提供了重要理论依据。本文从数字创新管理、数字生态系统、创新生态系统等相关文献出发，提出：（1）“数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型”是由异质性数字主体及其复杂关系构成的，旨在促进数字创新产生、应用与扩散的复杂适应系统。（2）“数字创新生态系统Ⅱ型”是数字化进程与创新主体间的价值共创行为深度融合背景下，实现了数字化转型的创新生态系统。

其次，本文构建了数字创新生态系统的理论分析框架，阐释数字化背景下创新主体实现价值共创的基本规律。本文认为，“数字创新生态系统I型”与“数字创新生态系统II型”之间的相互协同、合作共享，有助于改进创新主体之间的价值共创方式，推动创新能力与创新效能的全面提升。通过整合数字创新生态系统I型与II型的基本特征和行为逻辑特征，构建了数字创新生态系统理论分析框架，揭示了数字化背景下创新生态系统主体、结构、制度、功能和演进的收敛性、可扩展性、自生长性和模块性特征。本文所提出的数字创新生态系统理论分析框架能够用于解释数字化背景下创新生态系统的实践，同时也有助于指导数字创新生态系统的路径构建。

研究发现：（1）数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型既具备创新生态系统通过创新实现价值创造和共享的基本特征，同时也延续了数字生态系统收敛性、可扩展性、自生长性和模块性的基本特征。（2）随着数据获取、数据传输、数据存储、数据加工处理等技术的系统性突破，数字化丰富了创新生态系统的要素组成、改善了创新要素之间的协同共生关系，加速了创新生态系统内主体、结构、制度、功能和演进的数字化转型，形成数字创新生态系统Ⅱ型。（3）数字创新生态系统理论分析框架表明，数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型在与Ⅱ型之间相互发展的过程中深刻影响了后者实现价值共创的行为逻辑，同时数字创新生态系统Ⅱ型的价值共创方式推动了Ⅰ型的数字创新发展进程。因此，在数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型在协同演进的过程中，创新能力与创新效能均得到了进一步的提升。

The digital innovation ecosystems: Theory building and a research agenda

Zhang Chao, Chen Kaihua, Mu Rongping

(Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China)

Abstract:Rapid and pervasive digitization of innovation processes and outcomes has upended the way that innovative actors jointly creating value, deepened the development of extant theories on innovation ecosystems, and triggered the discussion on building digital innovation ecosystems. Innovation ecosystem studies have underlined the importance of coordinate symbiosis between innovative actors. The ecosystem members jointly create value around a hub actor, which means they work cooperatively and competitively to support new products, new technologies, and coherent customer solutions. Going digital not only introduces data as a new productive factor but also enhances the collaboration among actors, which changes the behavior logic of innovation ecosystems. Therefore, understanding digital innovation ecosystems in a proper way contributes to guiding the innovation practice in a digital era, as well as expanding or reconstructing relative theories on innovation ecosystems. However, most of the existing studies have neglected the new characters, new trends, or new challenges. There is an urgent need for scholars conducting in-depth studies to understand the nature of digital innovation ecosystems. 

To fill the research gap, this paper put forward two basic manifestations of digital innovation ecosystems, that is, innovation-oriented digital ecosystems (or say, digital innovation ecosystem Ⅰ type) and digital-enabled innovation ecosystems (or say, digital innovation ecosystem Ⅱ type). On the one hand, innovation-oriented digital ecosystems are defined as digital ecosystems that serve for the creation, application, and diffusion of digital innovations. The innovation-oriented digital ecosystems could realize the join value creation among digital actors through innovation, and therefore can be regarded as innovation ecosystems established around digital actors. Such ecosystems also have characters that they inherit from digital ecosystems, that is, convergence, scalability, generativity, and modularity. On the other hand, the digital-enabled innovation ecosystems are the deep integration between the digitalization process and the behavior logic of ecosystem actors. From the perspective of a complex adaptive system (CAS), this paper constructed a theoretical analytical framework on the behavior logic of innovation ecosystems consisting of five dimensions, that is, actors, structures, institutions, functions, and evolution. Going digital enables new characters to innovation ecosystems, which also changes the behavior logic of innovation ecosystems.

The two types of digital innovation ecosystem permeate each other and push forward each other. Such intertwined relationships change the way of jointly value creation among innovative actors and improve the innovation capability and innovation effectiveness in an all-round way. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for studying digital innovation ecosystems by integrating the above two concepts: innovation-oriented digital ecosystems and digital-enabled innovation ecosystems (i.e., digital innovation ecosystem Ⅰ type and Ⅱ type). This paper clarified the nature of digital innovation ecosystems by describing how the actors, structures, institutions, functions, or evolution perform when convergence, scalability, generativity, and modularity influence the ecosystems profoundly in a digital era. At last, this paper outlines a new research agenda to fill the gap in our understanding of digital innovation ecosystems. It points out that the following scholars could modify or polish the theories on digital innovation ecosystems by conducting convincing empirical analysis like measuring or case study, analyzing the pathway of ecosystem growth or development, or studying the policy on supporting the establishment or development of digital innovation ecosystems.

Key words:digital innovation ecosystem; digital ecosystem; innovation ecosystem; digital innovation; value co-creation

引用本文：张超,陈凯华,穆荣平.数字创新生态系统：理论构建与未来研究[J].科研管理,2021,42(3):01-11.

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