【947-949】研究发现1/4的人担心失去家产&在川普佛罗里达的房产被捕引发安全问题&美减少中美洲援助可能适得其反，增加北移
AS IT IS
Study Finds One in Four Worry about Losing Home, Property
April 05, 2019
Boeung Kak lake community's land activists shout slogans with a poster of a detained activist during a rally in front of the Supreme Court, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Feb. 7, 2018.
Property rights are not only about ownership of land. They provide reasons for people to invest in and develop their homes and communities.
That is what Malcolm Childress says about the importance of studying people’s opinions about property rights. Childress is co-director of the Prindex research group.
“You know when people have security and feel secure about their property rights, they’re more likely to want to invest in their homes to make long term investments in businesses to do the kind of things in agriculture that lead to long term crops and investment in soil conservation.”
A new study by Prindex found that one in four people questioned in 33 countries fear losing their homes or land. Most of the countries surveyed are in Africa. The others included Britain, Cambodia, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and Vietnam.
One surprising finding, however, was that the East African nation of Rwanda had the lowest property insecurity in the countries studied. Only eight percent of those asked feared losing their homes or property in the coming years.
Childress said that Rwanda has, in recent years, put in place a policy to document each property and to identify who has rights to that land. He added that Rwandan officials have created a system which provides legal protections to land holders.
These are the kinds of policies that will lead to progress on the issue of land rights, he said.
Three other African countries had the highest levels of what the survey calls “tenureinsecurity,” a person’s fear of losing their home or land. The three were Mali, Liberia and Jordan. Mali had the highest. Forty-four percent of those asked feared they would lose their homes or land.
Insecurity was highest in West and Central Africa and lowest in Latin American countries, the study found.
Childress said that the differences between countries were not as surprising as the differences between men and women within countries.
In the study, women were more likely than men to have fears of losing their homes or land. Women were about 12 percent more likely to be concerned about losing their home or land if they split with their husband or the husband dies.
Childress says elected officials need to direct more attention to making laws fair for men and women. He added that people’s concerns can also be affected by how well laws are carried out in the real world.
The report noted that countries with laws guaranteeing equal treatment of the sexes may still have imbalances in citizens’ concerns about property rights. The study did not find a strong relationship between “tenure insecurity” and legal issues like inheritance rights in many places.
Property rights and easing poverty
Anna Locke is the other Co-director of Prindex. She wrote in the company’s blog that property rights are listed under poverty reduction as one of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. She said the U.N. calls for increasing the number of adults with “legally documented property rights” and also the number of adults who believe their rights are secure.
Prindex’s studies, she said, are one way to better understand what people around the word believe about their property.
Property rights are included with the goal on reducing poverty because people’s expectations of the future are important to forming their behavior today. For example, farmers afraid of losing their land are unlikely to plant crops for the next harvest.
Prindex expects to expand its studies of people’s opinions about their property rights and protections. Childress told VOA that the research group plans to release information on 107 additional countries by the end of the year.
He also says he wants the research to center more narrowly on individual cities and places where policies could target geographical areas or groups.
Prindex recently released the findings from its latest study at an event in Washington.
The study was carried out with support from the Global Alliance for Land and the Overseas Development Institute. Both research groups are based in Britain.
I’m Mario Ritter Jr.
Mario Ritter Jr. wrote this report for VOA Learning English. George Grow was the editor.
__________________________________________________________
Words in This Story
conservation –n. the careful use of natural resources to prevent losing or wasting them
tenure –n. (legal) the right to use a property
inheritance –n. property that is passed from a person who dies to another person
sustainable –adj. involving methods that permit something to be continues for a long time
We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page.
AS IT IS
Arrest at Trump’s Florida Property Raises Security Concerns
April 05, 2019
FILE - President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago in Palm Beach, Florida. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon, File)
Palm trees moved slowly as a light ocean breeze passed through Palm Beach, Florida last Saturday. That was the day a woman entered the grounds of U.S. President Donald Trump’s Mar-a-Lago resort. Trump has called the property his “winter White House.”
The woman told security officials she was going to the resort’s swimming pool. She showed them two Chinese passports with the name Yujing Zhang.
The security officials did not know if she actually had permission to enter, so they called the front desk at Mar-a-Lago.
The property is on an island between the Atlantic Ocean and a small waterway called Lake Worth Lagoon. The land was developed in the 1920s and bought by Donald Trump in 1985. Today it is part house, hotel and restaurant. It has a spa, a s wimming pool, workout machines and tennis courts. There is a nearby golf club also called Mar-a-Lago – or “Sea to Lake,” in Spanish.
Trump goes to Mar-a-Lago every few weekends to enjoy the warm weather, rest and do government business. Hundreds of people who have paid to be members of Mar-a-Lago are also permitted to visit the area. However, they must be checked and questioned by security.
On this day, March 30, security officials noted that the name Yujing Zhang sounded similar to a club member. They gave her permission to enter the grounds.
When the woman came inside, she spoke to workers at the front desk. She said she was there a little early for a “United Nations Friendship Event.” But the event did not really exist.
Later, she said a friend had told her to come to Mar-a-Lago. She claimed she wanted to talk to someone in the Trump family about Chinese and American economic relations.
Workers and security officials quickly grew suspicious. Officials searched her belongings and found four cell phones, a laptop computer, and an external hard drive. They also found a small device containing a computer virus – but nothing for her to wear while swimming in the pool.
Zhang was charged with making false statements to government officials and illegally entering a restricted area. She has been detained until a court hearing later this month.
Officials are also looking into whether Zhang was part of a larger effort to reach Trump and try to do harm. They are treating the case as a possible threat.
The event raises concerns again about the difficulty of keeping Mar-a-Lago secure.
David Kris is an expert on foreign intelligence at Culper Partners, a consulting business in Seattle, Washington. He says Mar-a-Lago is not well-defended and is at risk of both physical and cyber attacks.
A top official at the security company CTC International Group described guarding Mar-a-Lago as a “nightmare.” The number of people who can come and go make protecting Trump and the property much more difficult.
The U.S. government spends more than $3 million on security at Mar-a-Lago every time Trump visits there. The agency responsible for guarding the president is the Secret Service. The agency said in a statement that its work at Mar-a-Lago is the same as at other places the president visits for a short time.
Trump himself also dismissed security concerns after the arrest. “We have very good control,” he told reporters.
I’m Kelly Jean Kelly
Kelly Jean Kelly adapted this story for VOA Learning English based on reports from the Associated Press. George Grow was the editor.
_____________________________________________________________
Words in This Story
breeze - n. a gentle wind
resort - n. a place where people go for vacations
desk - n. a place where people can get information or be served at a hotel
cyberattack - n. an effort to damage or destroy a computer network or system
nightmare - n. a very bad or frightening experience or situation
AS IT IS
US Aid Cuts to Central America May Backfire, Increase Migration North
April 05, 2019
People belonging to a caravan of migrants from Honduras en route to the United States, cross the Suchiate river to Mexico from Tecun Uman, Guatemala, Jan. 18, 2019.
Aid groups have criticized the United States for its decision to cut assistance to three Central American nations. They warned this week that the decision is likely to backfire.
The charities added that they believe it will increase the numbers of Central Americans moving north toward the U.S. border to escape violence and poverty.
The U.S. State Department announced last weekend it would end foreign aid to programs in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras -- three countries known as the Northern Triangle.
President Donald Trump has said repeatedly that he planned to suspend the aid. He criticized the three for doing little to stop the movement of migrants and asylum seekers, many of whom want to live in the United States.
Charities receive money from the U.S. government to assist with economic and social development in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. The groups say aid cuts will not stop the migrants and may make the situation worse.
"The people who are really going to get hurt by this are the people who are … small farmers and teenagers trying to avoid the pressures of joining gangs and escape violence," said David Ray. He is with the international aid group CARE.
"Poverty, violence and insecurity - those are exactly the drivers of migration. (It) seems to be self-defeating," he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
The United States provides hundreds of millions of dollars every year for aid projects in the Northern Triangle. U.S. aid to Central America dropped to $527.6 million this year from $655 million in 2017. Those numbers come from the Washington Office on Latin America, a research group.
Trump's idea to reduce aid to the Northern Triangle could add to migration north as the situation in their countries worsens, experts said.
"He is concerned about border security," said Robert Zachritz. He is vice president for advocacy and government relations at the charity World Vision. "(This move) is counterproductive," he added.
World Vision usually receives about $127 million in U.S. government money for Northern Triangle projects.
CARE would have to greatly reduce efforts in the area, including a project that helps poor farmers in Guatemala.
Battle Ahead
Reducing aid is likely to meet strong opposition in the U.S. Congress.
To make changes, lawmakers must approve Trump's plan to change spending bills already passed. To get congressional approval, the Trump administration must make an official request explaining its plan for removing the aid money from the budget.
"It is Congress that decides on how much foreign assistance the U.S. is going to provide," said Adriana Beltran. She is head of WOLA's Citizen Security Program and a Central America expert.
She added that because Congress controls all the money, there will be a fight between it and the Trump Administration.
Rick Jones works as an advisor for Catholic Relief Services. Last year, the group planned projects in the Northern Triangle with the help of $34.4 million in U.S. government money. It also said a reduction of aid will increase migration.
It “is morally wrong and is counterproductive," Jones said.
One of its endangered projects provides training and jobs to more than 5,000 young people in poor, violent communities in Honduras and El Salvador, he said.
Vicki Gass is a senior policy advisor at Oxfam, a British aid organization that does not receive U.S. money. She said a reduction in aid will create “greater instability” that will lead to more migration. She said that if aid groups don’t work to stop the causes of problems such as violence and poverty, they will just get worse and lead to even greater numbers of migrants.
I’m Susan Shand.
The Reuters News Agency reported this story. Susan Shand adapted it for VOA Learning English. George Grow was the editor.
Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page.
_____________________________________________________________
Words in this Story
backfire – v. to have the opposite result of what was desired or expected
triangle – n. a shape that is made up of three lines and three an
gang – n. a group of criminals; a group of young people
counterproductive – adj. not helpful; making the thing you want to happen less likely to happen
instability – n. the state of being likely to change