语言教学 | 普渡大学写作教学系列Research&Citation58-ASA Style(1)

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1、ASA Style -- Manuscript Formatting

Title Page

Include a separate title page with the full title of the manuscript, authors' names and institutions (listed vertically if there are more than one), a running head of the shortened title (60 characters or less), and a complete word count of the document (which includes footnotes and references).

A title footnote should include the address of the corresponding author (that is – the author who receives correspondence regarding the article), grants/funding, and additional credits and acknowledgements (for papers for sociology classes, this is often not needed). An asterisk (*) by the title refers to the title footnote at the bottom of the page.

Abstract

If an abstract is needed, it should be on a separate page, immediately after the title page, with the title of the document as the heading.

Do not include author.

The abstract should be one paragraph, 150-200 words in length, using accessible language. Think of it this way: the abstract should also serve as a good press release about the research.

Keywords

On the same page as the abstract, include a list of three to five words that help to identify main themes in the manuscript.

Text Formatting

All text within the document should be in a 12-point Arial font and double spaced (including footnotes), or as specified by journal or course instructor. 

Margins

Margins should be at least 1 1/4 inches on all sides, or as specified by journal or course instructor.

First Page

The first page of the text should start with the title and be on a new page of text (after the title page and abstract).

Subheadings

Use subheadings to organize the body of the manuscript. Usually, three different levels of headings should be sufficient.

THIS IS A FIRST-LEVEL HEAD

• Place first-level heads in all caps and left-justify.

• Don't use a bold font.

• Don't begin the manuscript with a heading, such as Introduction.

This is a Second-Level Head

• Italicize and left-justify second-level heads.

• Don't use a bold font.

• Use title case.

This is a third-level head.

• Italicize and left-justify third-level heads.

• These should be indented at the beginning of the paragraph…

• …followed by a period

• Don't use a bold font.

• Capitalize only the first word of the head.

Footnotes and Endnotes

Footnotes and endnotes are used to cite materials of limited availability, expand upon the text, or to add information presented in a table.

Endnotes are used more frequently than footnotes, but both should be used sparingly. As a general rule, use one or the other throughout the manuscript but do not mix them. (The exception to this rule is to use a footnote on the Title page and for tables, but use endnotes throughout the rest of the document for manuscripts being submitted to a sociology journal.) They should be limited to fewer than 100 words.

In the text, footnotes or endnotes, whichever are used, should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript Arabic numerals. If referring to a footnote again later, use parentheses.

Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page on which the material being referenced appears. If using endnotes, at the end of the paper in a separate section following the references, type the endnotes in numerical order, double-spaced, as a separate section with the title Notes or Endnotes.

Begin each note with the same superscripted number used in the text.

    8 See the new ASA Style Guide for more information.

Page Numbering

Pages should be numbered consecutively (1, 2, 3...) starting with the title page and including the references page(s), or as specified by journal or course instructor.

Tables and Figures

Number tables consecutively (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3).

Number figures consecutively (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3).

Each table or figure should be placed on a separate page at the end of the manuscript, and should have a descriptive title that explains enough that the reader can understand it without having to refer to the text of the article.

In tables, give full headings for every column and row, avoiding the use of abbreviations whenever possible. Spell out the word percent in headings.

For more information, please consult the ASA Style Guide, Fifth Edition.

2、ASA Style -- In-Text (Citation) References

General Formatting

Cite the last name of the author and year of publication.

Include page numbers within the citation when directly quoting the authors’ words, paraphrasing a passage, or referring to specific passages.

If the author's name is used in the text, put the date in parentheses immediately afterwards.

When Duncan (1959) studied...

If the author's name is not in the text, enclose last name and year in parentheses.

When these relationships were studied (Gouldner 1963)...

Using Quotes

Short quotations in the body of the manuscript should be surrounded by quotation marks.

Block quotations (direct quotations of more than 40 words) should be offset from the main text and may be single-spaced. Do not include quotation marks with block quotes.

Pagination follows the year of publication after a colon (note that in the in-text citation, there is no space between the colon and the page number).

As tabulated by Kuhn (1970:71) the results show...

Multiple Authors

For joint authors, give both last names.

(Martin and Bailey 1988) 

For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text; in subsequent citations, use the first name and et al.     

First citation: (Carr, Smith, and Jones 1962)...

Later citations: (Carr et al. 1962)

For four or more authors, use the first author's last name plus et al. in all citations.

(Nilson et al. 1962)

Name of Author Unknown

For institutional authorship, supply the minimum identification needed from the beginning of the complete reference to find it in the reference list.

(U.S. Bureau of the Census 1963:117)

Multiple Citations

Separate a series of references with a semicolon and either alphabetize or place them in chronological order, but be consistent throughout the manuscript.

(Burgess 1982; Marwell et al. 1971)   
(Marwell et al. 1971; Burgess 1980)

Citing a Reprinted Work

If the work being cited was published earlier and then re-released, list the earliest date first and then the most recent date, separate these with a slash.

(Finke and Stark 1992/2005)

Citing Unpublished Work

For unpublished papers, cite the date, or, if scheduled to be published soon, use forthcoming in lieu of a date. If no date is given, use N.d.

Jones (N.d.) discusses the relationship between students and parents.

For archival sources, use abbreviations when possible.

(Meany Archives, LRF, Box 6, March 18, 1970).

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