美欧日三方会议联合声明（三）巴黎2018年5月31日
美国贸易代表罗伯特•莱特希泽(Robert Lighthizer)、欧盟贸易委员西西莉亚•玛姆斯托姆(Cecilia Malmstrom)和日本经济贸易和工业部长世耕弘成(Hiroshige Seko)于2018年5月31日在巴黎会面。
部长们重申对第三国的非市场导向政策的关切，并讨论了正在采取的行动以及可能在不久的将来采取的措施。
部门们确认他们共同的目标是解决如下问题：非市场导向政策和做法导致的严重产能过剩，为三方国内工人和企业创造了不公平的竞争条件，阻碍了创新技术的开发和使用，破坏了国际贸易的正常运作，包括现行规则无效的情况下的国际贸易的正常运转。
部长们一致认为，以市场为导向的条件对于建立一个公平，互利的全球贸易体系至关重要，并讨论了表明企业和行业存在非市场导向政策和做法的各种要素或迹象。因此，他们赞同所附关于市场导向条件的联合声明，并同意进一步讨论这一问题并与其他贸易伙伴进行磋商，以确定维持市场导向条件的手段。
在这方面，部长们一致认为，有必要深化和加快有关产业补贴和国有企业可能的新规则的讨论，以促进我们的工人和企业更公平的竞争环境。
因此，部长们赞同所附的共同界定文件，为发展更为严格的产业补贴和国有企业规则制定了基础。在此基础上，他们同意深化这项工作，并表示打算在2018年底之前开始其各自的内部步骤，以便此后不久开始谈判。部长们强调需要确保主要贸易伙伴参与今后的谈判。
部长们进一步确认了他们的共同观点，即任何国家都不应要求或迫使外国公司向国内公司转让技术，包括通过使用合资要求，外国股权限制，行政审查和许可程序或其他方式。
在这方面，部长们赞同所附关于技术转让政策和做法的联合声明。
部长们进一步同意深化包括与其他志同道合的合作伙伴在内的合作和信息交流，寻找有效手段解决第三国扭曲贸易的政策，包括有害的强制技术转让政策和做法，并酌情寻求争议在世贸组织的和解程序。
部长们承认，解决一些政府违反世贸组织透明度义务的问题是提高世贸组织监测职能的有效性和效率的工作中的优先事项。他们同意继续在世贸组织中进行合作，以全面实施现行的世贸组织规则。
部长们欢迎世贸组织联合声明电子商务倡议的探索性工作取得进展，并重申他们坚决致力于推动有关未来世贸组织谈判的讨论。
部长们重申在G7，G20和OECD等国际论坛以及全球钢铁论坛和政府/当局半导体会议等部门举措中合作解决市场扭曲的措施。
附件声明1：
EU-JAPAN-US SCOPING PAPER
为制定更强有力的产业补贴规定奠定基础
一 导言
欧盟，日本和美国的贸易部长在两次会面前讨论了由于市场扭曲补贴和国有企业大幅度造成的不公平竞争状况，同意采取多项初步联合行动来确定基础为制定更加严格的产业补贴规定。三方认为，应该澄清和改进现行的世贸组织的补贴规则，以确保某些新兴发展中成员不会逃避其适用。
三方同意定期参与，并将根据所有适用的国内程序寻求与未来与大批主要工业补贴提供者进行谈判的基础，以实现第二部分规定的目标。
二 目标
未来的谈判应达到以下目标，而不妨碍在随后的谈判过程中确定进一步的目标。
1.需要提高透明度
三方一致认为，其他一些WTO成员根本没有通知或未通知大部分在其领土内获得或维持的补贴。这阻止了其他WTO成员评估贸易影响并理解通知补贴计划的运作。因此，三方同意为WTO成员完全遵守其通知义务建立直接或间接的激励机制。
2.需要更好地处理公共机构和国有企业
三方之间普遍趋于一致，即需要更好地解决公共机构和国有企业扭曲市场的行为。这些实体是某些国家驱动的经济体系的骨干和鲜明特征，国家决定性地支配和影响经济。
因此，三方同意讨论确定一个实体应该被定性为“公共机构”的基础，以及如何解决那些没有被定性为公共机构的实体受到国家影响的市场扭曲行为;以及公共机构和国有企业的额外义务和规则，包括提高透明度。
3.需要有更有效的补贴规则
三方初步同意：
*应该直接禁止最有害的补贴类型，或者补贴国有义务证明补贴不会对他人造成商业损害。
*制定新的规则，提供有针对性的补救措施，解决与产能过剩有关的补贴问题。
*设法加强世贸组织规则的规定，以便在补贴及其影响方面收集更多的信息。
附件声明2：
关于技术转让政策和做法的联合声明
美国贸易代表罗伯特•莱特希泽(Robert Lighthizer)、欧盟贸易委员西西莉亚•玛姆斯托姆(Cecilia Malmstrom)和日本经济贸易和工业部长世耕弘成(Hiroshige Seko)于2018年5月31日在巴黎会面。
部长们讨论了他们对第三国涉及技术转让的政策和做法日益关注。
部长们确认了他们的共同观点，即任何国家都不应要求或迫使外国公司向国内公司转让技术，包括通过使用合资要求，外国股权限制，行政审查和许可程序或其他方式。
部长们讨论了监管措施的有害影响，这些监管措施迫使外国公司寻求向国内实体许可技术，以非市场为基础的条款对国内实体有利。
部长们讨论了建立和分享最佳实践的必要性，协调有用的机制，以制止政府的做法，这些政府指导并不公平地促进对外国公司和资产的系统投资和收购，以获得技术和知识产权并产生技术转让给国内公司。
部长们谴责政府采取行动支持未经授权侵入外国公司的计算机网络并窃取他们敏感的商业信息和商业秘密，并将这些信息用于商业利益。
部长们同意，上述各种政策和做法为我们的工人和企业创造了不公平的竞争条件，阻碍了创新技术的开发和使用，并破坏了国际贸易的正常运作。
部长们进一步同意共同努力，包括与其他志同道合的合作伙伴共同努力，寻找有效的手段，制止有害的强制技术转让政策和做法，包括酌情在世贸组织提起争端解决程序。
附件声明3：
市场导向条件联合声明
美国贸易代表罗伯特•莱特希泽(Robert Lighthizer)、欧盟贸易委员西西莉亚•玛姆斯托姆(Cecilia Malmstrom)和日本经济贸易和工业部长世耕弘成(Hiroshige Seko)于2018年5月31日在巴黎会面。
部长们重申他们共同的目标是解决如下问题：非市场导向政策和做法导致的严重产能过剩，为三方国内工人和企业创造了不公平的竞争条件，阻碍了创新技术的开发和使用，破坏了国际贸易的正常运作，包括现行规则无效的情况下的国际贸易的正常运转。
在这方面，部长们指出他们的公民和企业在市场导向的条件下运作。这种以市场为导向的条件是建立一个公平，互利的全球贸易体系的基础。
部长们注意到下列要素或迹象表明企业和行业存在市场状况：
企业对价格，成本，投入，采购和销售的决策是根据市场信号自由决定和做出的;
企业对投资的决策是根据市场信号自由决定和做出的;
资本，劳动力，技术和其他因素的价格由市场决定;
针对或影响企业的资本分配决策是根据市场信号自由确定和作出的;
企业受国际认可的会计准则的影响，包括独立核算;
企业受制于公司法，破产法和私有财产法;和
上文所述的企业业务决策没有显着的政府干预。
部长们同意进一步讨论这个问题，包括可能确定其他要素，并与其他贸易伙伴一起确定维持市场导向条件的手段。
原文参见：https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meeting
Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan, and the European Union
Ambassador Robert E. Lighthizer, United States Trade Representative, Mr. Hiroshige Seko, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, and Mrs. Cecilia Malmström, European Commissioner for Trade, met in Paris on 31st May 2018.
The Ministers reiterated their concern with the non-market-oriented policies of third countries and discussed actions being taken and possible measures that could be undertaken in the near future.
The Ministers confirmed their shared objective to address non market-oriented policies and practices that lead to severe overcapacity, create unfair competitive conditions for our workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade, including where existing rules are not effective.
The Ministers agreed that market-oriented conditions are fundamental to a fair, mutually advantageous global trading system and discussed various elements or indications that signal that non-market oriented policies and practices exist for businesses and industries. Accordingly, they endorsed the annexed joint statement on market-oriented conditions and agreed to further their discussion on this issue and to engage with other trading partners on identifying means to maintain market-oriented conditions
In this regard, the Ministers concurred on the need to deepen and accelerate discussions regarding possible new rules on industrial subsidies and SOEs so as to promote a more level playing field for our workers and businesses.
The Ministers therefore endorsed the attached joint scoping paper defining the basis for the development of stronger rules on industrial subsidies and SOEs. On that basis, they agreed to deepen that work, and expressed their intention to begin their respective internal steps before the end of 2018 with the aim of initiating a negotiation soon thereafter. The Ministers emphasized the need to ensure the participation of key trading partners in these future negotiations.
The Ministers further confirmed their shared view that no country should require or pressure technology transfer from foreign companies to domestic companies, including, for example, through the use of joint venture requirements, foreign equity limitations, administrative review and licensing processes, or other means.
In this connection, the Ministers endorsed the annexed joint statement on technology transfer policies and practices.
The Ministers further agreed to deepen cooperation and exchange of information, including with other like-minded partners, to find effective means to address trade-distorting policies of third countries, including harmful forced technology transfer policies and practices, and where appropriate, to pursue dispute settlement proceedings at the WTO.
The Ministers acknowledged that resolving the issue of non-compliance by some governments with their WTO transparency obligations is a priority in the work for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the WTO monitoring function. They agreed to continue cooperation in the WTO to achieve full implementation of existing WTO rules.
The Ministers welcome the progress of exploratory work of the Joint Statement E-Commerce Initiative in the WTO and reaffirmed their strong commitment to advance the discussions toward future WTO negotiations.
The Ministers reaffirmed their cooperation in international fora, such as the G7, G20 and the OECD and in sectoral initiatives such as the Global Steel Forum and Governments/Authorities Meeting on Semiconductors, to address market-distorting measures.
* * *
Annexed Statement 1:
EU-JAPAN-US SCOPING PAPER
to define the basis for the development of stronger rules on industrial subsidies
I. Introduction
The EU, Japanese and the US trade ministers, having met twice before to discuss the unfair competitive conditions caused by large market-distorting subsidies and state-owned enterprises, have agreed to take a number of initial joint actions, among others to define the basis for the development of stronger rules on industrial subsidies. The three partners share the view that the existing WTO rulebook on industrial subsidies should be clarified and improved to ensure that certain emerging developing Members do not escape its application.
The three partners agree to engage on a regular basis and will seek, subject to all applicable domestic procedures, to develop the basis for future negotiations with a critical mass of major industrial subsidy providers in order to achieve the objectives set out in Part II.
II. Objectives
The future negotiations should meet the following objectives, without prejudice to identifying further objectives in the course of the ensuing negotiations.
1. Need to improve transparency
The three partners agree that a number of other WTO Members do not notify at all or fail to notify most of the subsidies granted or maintained within their territories. This prevents other WTO Members from evaluating the trade effects and understanding the operation of notified subsidy programs. The partners therefore agree to construct direct or indirect incentives for WTO Members to fully comply with their notification obligations.
2. Need to better address public bodies and SOEs
There is a general convergence among the three partners on the need to better address market-distorting behavior of public bodies and SOEs. Such entities are the backbone and the distinctive feature of certain state-driven economic systems, through which the state decisively governs and influences the economy.
The three partners therefore agree to discuss the basis for determining that an entity should be characterized as a “public body;” how to address state-influenced market-distorting behavior of entities not characterized as public bodies; and additional obligations and rules for public bodies and SOEs, including increased transparency.
3. Need to have more effective subsidy rules
The three partners as a start agree:
that the most harmful types of subsidies should either be prohibited outright or the subsidizing country be obligated to prove that the subsidy does not cause commercial harm to others.
to develop new rules that provide a targeted remedy to address subsidies related to excess capacity.
to find ways to strengthen the provisions of the WTO rules to allow for greater information gathering in relation to subsidies and their effects.
Annexed Statement 2:
Joint Statement on Technology Transfer Policies and Practices
Ambassador Robert E. Lighthizer, United States Trade Representative, Mr. Hiroshige Seko, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, and Mrs. Cecilia Malmström, European Commissioner for Trade, met in Paris on 31 May 2018.
The Ministers discussed their growing concerns regarding the policies and practices third countries relating to technology transfer.
The Ministers confirmed their shared view that no country should require or pressure technology transfer from foreign companies to domestic companies, including, for example, through the use of joint venture requirements, foreign equity limitations, administrative review and licensing processes, or other means.
The Ministers discussed the harmful effects of regulatory measures that force foreign companies seeking to license technologies to domestic entities to do so on non-market-based terms that favor domestic entities.
The Ministers discussed the need to establish and share best practices, coordinating where useful, on mechanisms to stop the practices by governments that direct and unfairly facilitate the systematic investment in, and acquisition of, foreign companies and assets to obtain technologies and intellectual property and generate the transfer of technology to domestic companies.
The Ministers condemned government actions that support the unauthorized intrusion into, and theft from, the computer networks of foreign companies to access their sensitive commercial information and trade secrets and use that information for commercial gain.
The Ministers agreed that the above types of policies and practices create unfair competitive conditions for our workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade.
The Ministers further agreed to work together, including with other like-minded partners, to find effective means to stop harmful forced technology transfer policies and practices, including, where appropriate, dispute settlement proceedings at the WTO.
* * *
Annexed Statement 3:
Joint Statement on Market Oriented Conditions
Ambassador Robert E. Lighthizer, United States Trade Representative, Mr. Hiroshige Seko, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, and Mrs. Cecilia Malmström, European Commissioner for Trade, met in Paris on 31 May 2018.
The Ministers confirmed their shared objective to address non market-oriented policies and practices that lead to severe overcapacity, create unfair competitive conditions for our workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade, including where existing rules are not effective.
In this regard, the Ministers noted their citizens and businesses operate under market oriented conditions. Such market oriented conditions are fundamental to a fair, mutually advantageous global trading system.
The Ministers noted the following elements or indications that signal that market conditions exist for businesses and industries:
decisions of enterprises on prices, costs, inputs, purchases, and sales are freely determined and made in response to market signals;
decisions of enterprises on investments are freely determined and made in response to market signals;
prices of capital, labor, technology, and other factors are market-determined;
capital allocation decisions for or affecting enterprises are freely determined and made in response to market signals;
enterprises are subject to internationally recognized accounting standards, including independent accounting;
enterprises are subject to corporation law, bankruptcy law, and private property law; and
there is no significant government interference in enterprise business decisions described above.
The Ministers agreed to further their discussion on this issue, including possible identification of additional elements, and to engage with other trading partners on identifying means to maintain market oriented conditions.