其他
TED演讲：如何成为出色的演讲者？
Nancy Duarte 是一位演讲设计专家，她相信每一个人都有改变世界的能力，并且她希望自己能够帮助人们更好地表达出他们的想法。Nancy认为，许多优秀的演讲都有一个共同的结构，能够使他们的观众迅速获得共鸣。在这场十八多分钟的演讲中，Nancy通过解析多个著名演讲，向我们分享了这个结构，希望可以让你的演讲技能up up up！
演讲者：Nancy Duarte
首席执行官，演示设计师，Nancy 认为想法是人们拥有的最强大工具，她希望帮助人们更好地表达出他们的想法。
我非常荣幸能来到这里。你们每个人都有改变世界的力量。这不是陈词滥调。你们真的拥有改变世界的力量。在你们的内心深处，你们中的每一个人，都有一个非常强大的工具。那就是想法。
So a single idea, from the human mind, it could start a groundswell, it could be a flash point for a movement and it can actually rewrite our future.人类大脑中的一个简单的想法，可以变成一个风潮，可以变成一场运动的起点，也可以改写我们的未来。
But an idea is powerless if it stays inside of you. If you never pull that idea out for others to contend with, it will die with you. Now, maybe some of you guys have tried to convey your idea and it wasn't adopted, it was rejected, and some other mediocre or average idea was adopted. 但是，如果你没有把这些想法表达出来，它们是没有作用的。如果你从来不与别人分享你的想法，这个想法会和你一起死去。或许你们有些人尝试过表达你的想法，但是没有被别人接受，然而其他平庸的想法却被接受了。
And the only difference between those two is in the way it was communicated. Because if you communicate an idea in a way that resonates, change will happen, and you can change the world.唯一的不同就是这些想法被表达的方式。如果你的表达让人产生共鸣，改变就可以发生，然后你就可以改变世界。
In my family, we collect these vintage European posters. Every time we go to Maui, we go to the dealer there, and he turns these great big posters. I love them. They all have one idea and one really clear visual that conveys the idea. They are about the size of a mattress. They're really big. They're not as thick as a mattress, but they're big. 我的家人喜欢收藏欧洲复古的海报。每次我们去毛伊岛，都会去那边的商店，商店的老板有这些很棒的大海报。我很喜欢这些海报，每张都代表着一个想法，并有着清晰的视觉表现力来传递这个想法。它们大概有床垫那么大，真的很大。不如床垫那么厚，但它们尺寸很大。
And the guy will tell the story as he turns the pages. And this one time I was flanked by my two kids and he turns the page and this poster is underneath, and right when I lean forward and say, "Oh my God, I love this poster," both of my kids jumped back and they are like, "Oh my God, mom, it's you." And this is the poster.那个店主会边翻页边说着故事。一次，我身旁坐着我的两个小孩，在店主翻到某一张海报的时候，我探着头，并说：“哇，我爱这张海报。”我的两个小孩往后一躲，突然说：“哇，妈妈，这就是你。”这就是那张海报。
See, I'm like "Fire it up!"你看，我就像这个女孩一样斗志昂扬。
The thing I loved about this poster was the irony. Here's this chick all fired up, headed into battle -- as the standard bearer -- and she's holding these little Suavitos baking spices, like something so seemingly insignificant, though she's willing to risk, you know, life and limb to promote this thing.我喜欢这张海报中的讽刺意味。这个女孩斗志昂扬地加入战争——作为一个标准的旗手——而且她抓着这些小小的 Sauvitos 牌的香料，虽然香料看起来似乎很不起眼，但她却愿意用生命身体力行地去推广它。
So if you are to swap out those little Suavitos baking spices with a presentation -- Yeah, it's me, pretty fired up. I was fired up about presentations back when it wasn't cool to be fired up about presentations. I really think they have the power to change the world when you communicate effectively through them. And changing the world is hard.如果把 Sauvitos 牌的香料换成演讲，这就是我，斗志昂扬。我对演讲充满热情，而那个时候演讲还不是潮流。当你能通过演讲有效地进行沟通的时候，我真的认为它们有改变世界的能力，然而改变世界很难。
It won't happen with just one person with one single idea. That idea has got to spread, or it won't be effective. So it has to come out of you and out into the open for people to see. And the way that ideas are conveyed the most effectively is through story.一个个体的想法无法改变世界。这个想法需要被传播，否则毫无用处。所以你一定要传播你的想法，让它能被人所知。最有效的传播方式就是讲故事。
You know, for thousands of years, illiterate generations would pass on their values and their culture from generation to generation, and they would stay intact. So there's something kind of magical about a story structure that makes it so that when it's assembled, it can be ingested and then recalled by the person who's receiving it.数千年来，不识字的一代又一代都会传播他们的观念和文化，使其能够被完好保留。故事的结构性就有某种神奇之处，能够在它被讲述的时候，让听故事的人理解并回忆。
So basically a story, you get a physical reaction; your heart can race, your eyes can dilate, you could talk about, "Oh, I got a chill down my spine" or, "I could feel it in the pit of my stomach." We actually physically react when someone is telling us a story. So even though the stage is the same, a story can be told, but once a presentation is told, it completely flatlines. And I wanted to figure out why.所以，一个故事会让你有身体上的回应，你的心跳会加速，你的瞳孔会放大，你会说：“哦，我的脊梁骨冰凉。”或者“我可以在肚子里感觉到。”当有人在讲一个故事的时候，我们的身体真的会产生反应。尽管出于同一个舞台，一个故事可以被很好的传颂，但是当一个演讲被传递，我们的身体一点反应都没有。我想知道为什么。
Why is it that we physically sit with rapt attention during a story, but it just dies for a presentation. So I wanted to figure out, how do you incorporate story into presentations. 为什么我们会在听故事的时候全神贯注，听演讲的时候却心不在焉。所以我想知道，如何把故事融入到演讲中。
So we've had thousands of presentations back at the shop -- hundreds of thousands of presentations, actually, so I knew the context of a really bad presentation. I decided to study cinema and literature, and really dig in and figure out what was going on and why it was broken.我们的商场里有上千的演讲，事实上，是数十万的演讲，所以我知道什么样的演讲是不好的。我决定研究影片和文学，来挖掘背后的真相和原因。
So, I want to show you some of the findings that led up to what I've uncovered as a presentation form.我想向你们展示一些我的发现，它们带领着我找到了演讲的形式。
So it was obvious to start with Aristotle, he had a three-act structure, a beginning, a middle and an end. We studied poetics and rhetoric, and a lot of presentations don't even have that in its most simple form. And then when I moved on to studying hero archetypes, I thought, "OK, the presenter is the hero, they're up on the stage, they're the star of the show." 一切显然要从亚里士多德开始，他有一个三步模型，开端、发展和结果。我们研究了很多诗歌和文学作品，很多演讲甚至都没有最基本的形式，当我开始研究英雄人物的时候，我认为，“演讲者就是主角，他们在台上，他们是演讲的中心。”
It's easy to feel, as the presenter, that you're the star of the show. I realized right away, that that's really broken. Because I have an idea, I can put it out there, but if you guys don't grab that idea and hold it as dear, the idea goes nowhere and the world is never changed. So in reality, the presenter isn't the hero, the audience is the hero of our idea.作为演讲者，很容易觉得自己就是演讲的中心。我马上意识到了，这并不正确。因为我有一个想法，我能提出来，但是如果你们不懂我的意思，无法把它牢记在心，这个想法就不能被众人所知，更何谈改变世界。所以事实上，演讲者并不是演讲的主角，观众才是主角。
So if you look at Joseph Campbell's hero's journey, just in the front part, there were some really interesting insights there. So there is this likable hero in an ordinary world, and they get this call to adventure. So the world is kind of brought out of balance. And at first they're resistant. 如果我们了解约瑟夫·坎贝尔的英雄旅程，在前言的部分，就有一些有趣的见解。在这个平凡的世界里有一群可爱的英雄，他们受到召唤，前去进行冒险。接着，这个世界的平衡被打破了。一开始，他们是拒绝的。
They're like, "I don't know if I want to jump into this," and then a mentor comes along and helps them move from their ordinary world into a special world. And that's the role of the presenter. It's to be the mentor. You're not Luke Skywalker, you're Yoda. 他们内心不停打鼓：“我不清楚我是否想要加入其中。”然后，一位引导者出现了。帮助他们从平凡的世界中走出来，进入到另外一个不一样的世界。这正是演讲者的角色。演讲者就像是一位引路人。你们并不是天行者卢克，而是尤达。
You're the one that actually helps the audience move from one thing and into your new special idea, and that's the power of a story. So in its most simple structure, it's a three-part structure of a story. You have a likable hero who has a desire, they encounter a roadblock and ultimately they emerge, transform, and that's the basic structure.你们是去帮助听众从一个熟悉的事物过渡到你的新奇的想法中，这就是故事的魅力。最基本的故事结构可以分为三个部分。你有一个有想法的可爱的主角，他们遇到了困难，最后，他们摆脱了这个障碍，成长起来。这就是基本的结构。
But it wasn't until I came across a Gustav Freytag's pyramid -- he drew this shape in 1863. Now, he was a German dramatist ... he was a German dramatist and he believed there is a five-act structure, which has an exposition, a rising action, a climax, a falling action and a denouement, which is the unraveling or the resolution of the story. 不过，直到我读到了古斯塔夫·弗赖塔格于 1863 年提出的金字塔形结构——他是一位德国剧作家，他认为一个故事应该由五个部分组成，分别包括：开端、上升，高潮、回落以及结局，即故事的展开或问题的解决。
I love this shape. So we talk about shapes. A story has an arc -- well, an arc is a shape. We talk about classical music having a shapeliness to it. So I thought, hey, if presentations had a shape, what would that shape be? And how did the greatest communicators use that shape, or do they use a shape?我非常喜欢这个结构，所以我会就其展开讲解。故事有一张“弓”，换句话说，这张“弓”就是一个形状。就像结构严谨的古典音乐一样。所以我就想到，如果演讲有形状的话，那这个形状会是什么？那些伟大的演讲家又是如何使用这些形状的？他们是否会在演讲中使用形状呢？
So I'll never forget, it was a Saturday morning. After all this study -- it was a couple of years of study -- I drew a shape. And I was like, "Oh my gosh, if this shape is real, I should be able to take two completely different presentations and overlay it, and it should be true."我永远也不会忘记，那是一个周六的早晨，在结束了一项持续了好几年的研究之后——我画出了一个形状。画完之后，我就在想，“天呐，如果这个形状真的存在，我就应该能够把两个完全不同的演讲重叠在一起，它们应该非常吻合。”
So I took the obvious, I took Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech, and I took Steve Jobs' 2007 iPhone launch speech, I overlaid it over it, and it worked. I sat in my office, just astounded. I actually cried a little, because I was like, "I've been given this gift," and here it is, this is the shape of a great presentation. Isn't it amazing?于是我就把它应用于实例中，我选择了马丁·路德·金的演讲《我有一个梦想》，我还选择了史蒂夫·乔布斯在 2007 年苹果手机发布会的演讲。我试着将形状覆盖上去，居然真的有用。我坐在我的办公室，沉浸在震惊之中。我甚至激动得哭了一会儿，因为我觉得这是上帝赐给我的礼物，它就在那儿，它就是一场伟大演讲的形状。是不是很神奇?
I was crying. I want to walk you through it, it's pretty astounding. There is a beginning, a middle and an end, and I want to walk you through it. Because the greatest communicators -- I went through speeches, everything -- I can overlay the shape. Even the Gettysburg Address follows the shape.我激动得都哭了。所以我想让你们也能够领会到这一切。这真的非常令人震惊。所有演讲都有开头，中间和结尾。我想带你们整体感受一下。因为伟大的演说家——我所看过的演讲等等——我都能用一个形状概括。甚至林肯总统的葛底斯堡演说也遵循这样的规律。
At the beginning of any presentation, you need to establish what is. You know, here's the status quo, here's what's going on. And then you need to compare that to what could be. You need to make that gap as big as possible, because there is this commonplace of the status quo, and you need to contrast that with the loftiness of your idea. 在任何演讲的开头，你都需要了解它是什么。这是现状，这是正在发生的事情。然后你需要将其与以后可能出现的情况做对比。你需要让它们的差距尽可能的拉大，因为现状都有一些共通之处，你必须用你自己的角度去对比。
So it's like, you know, here's the past, here's the present, but look at our future. Here's a problem, but look at that problem removed. Here's a roadblock, let's annihilate the roadblock. You need to really amplify that gap. This would be like the inciting incident in a movie. 就像是，这是过去，这是现在，但是我们需要展望一下未来。有一个问题，但是如果问题被解决了会如何。这里有一个障碍，让我们消灭这个障碍。你需要将这个差距放大。这就像一场电影中的一个刺激事件。
That's when suddenly the audience has to contend with what you just put out there: "Wow, do I want to agree with this and align with it or not?" And in the rest of your presentation should support that.这时，听众突然要开始应付你在这里所提出的想法：“哇，我是否真的同意你的观点？”那么你接下来的演讲就应该围绕支持这一论点进行论证。
So the middle goes back and forth, it traverses between what is and what could be, what is and what could be. Because what you are trying to do is make the status quo and the normal unappealing, and you're wanting to draw them towards what could be in the future with your idea adopted.所以在中途需要来来回回多次，在现在与未来的状态切换，现在是什么样，未来将如何。因为你正试着让现状和常态失去吸引力，你想带领听众去到你想要让他们去的地方。
Now, on your way to change the world, people are going to resist. They're not going to be excited, they may love the world the way it is. So you'll encounter resistance. That's why you have to move back and forth. It's similar to sailing. 在你改变世界的过程中，人们会拒绝。他们不会对此感到兴奋，他们也许对现状非常满意。所以，你会遇到阻力。这就是你为什么要反反复复论证，这跟航海很像。
When you're sailing against the wind and there is wind resistance, you have to move your boat back and forth, and back and forth. That's so you can capture the wind. You have to actually capture the resistance coming against you when you're sailing. 当你逆风航行的时候，风会产生阻力，你必须时不时地让你的船在风中来来回回好几次。这样你才能够适应这个风向。你必须在航行的时候去捕捉这个风向。
Now interesting, if you capture the wind just right and you set your sail just right, your ship will actually sail faster than the wind itself. It is a physics phenomenon. So by planting in there the way they're going to resist between what is and what can be, is actually going to draw them towards your idea quicker than should you not do that.非常有趣的是，当你捕捉到正确的风向的时候，你就会将船调整到顺风方向。你的船实际上会比风的速度更快。这是一个物理现象。所以，引入这个概念之后，听众拒绝比较现在与未来这一举动，实际上是将他们与你的想法之间的距离比你不这么做时以更快的速度拉近了。
So after you've moved back and forth between what is and what could be, the last turning point is a call to action, which every presentation should have, but at the very end. You need to describe the world as a new bliss. "This is utopia with my idea adopted." 所以，当你在现在与未来往返的时候，最后的转折点在于对于行动的提议，这是每一场演讲都应该有的部分，只不过是在很后面了。你需要将未来的世界描绘得非常的美好。“如果我的想法被你们采纳，那我们就到达了乌托邦的世界了。”
"This is the way the world is going to look, when we join together and we solve this big problem." You need to use that as your ending, in a very poetic and dramatic way. So, interestingly, when I was done, I was like, "You know what? I could use this as an analysis tool."“当我们能够团结到一起来解决这个问题，这就是世界将会呈现的样子。”你需要应用这一非常诗意以及夸张的方式来作为演讲的结尾。实际上，当我在自己的演讲中实践之后，我就想，”我可以把它当成是一个分析工具。“
I actually transcribe speeches, and I would actually map out, how much they map to this tool. So I want to show you some of that today, and I want to start with the very two people that I used when I first did.我可以记录下这些演讲，我甚至可以做一张对照表，看它们与该工具有多少重合的部分。所以现在，我想要与你们分享一些成果。现在我想先从我之前列举的两个人说起。
Here's Mr. Jobs, has completely changed the world. Changed the world of personal computing, changed the music industry and now he's on his way to change the mobile device industry. So he's definitely changed the world. And this is the shape of his iPhone launch 2007, when he launched his iPhone.这是完全颠覆了世界的乔布斯先生，他颠覆了个人电脑领域，改变了音乐产业，现在他正在改变手机市场。所以，从这个意义上讲，他的确改变了世界。这是他 2007 年推出 iphone 的时候，他在发布会上所做的演讲的形状。
It's a 90-minute talk and you can see he starts with what is, traverses back and forth and ends with what could be. So I want to zoom in on this: the white line is him speaking, he's talking. The next color line you'll see popped up there, that's when he cuts to video. 演讲时长 90 分钟，你可以发现他从现状开始说起，然后不断的往返，最后以未来作为结尾。让我们放大看一下：这根白线代表着他正在演讲，而另外一根线，就是刚跳出的这一根，那是他在播放视频。
So he's adding some variety and he cuts to demo. So it's not just him talking the whole time. And these lines are representative there. And then towards the end you'll see a blue line, which will be the guest speaker.他实际上在给演讲加入一些变化，然后切换到了手机演示。所以他并不是一直在说话。这些线段证实了这一点。而在结束的时候，你可以看到一根蓝色的线，这是演讲嘉宾在说话。
So this is where it gets kind of interesting: every tick mark here is when he made them laugh. And every tick mark here is when he made them clap. They are so involved physically, they are physically reacting to what he is saying, which is actually fantastic, because then you know you have the audience in your hand. 这时，事情开始变得比较有趣了：这里每一个记号代表着他让观众发笑的时候。而下方的记号指的是他让观众鼓掌的时候。观众们真的是全情投入。他们对乔布斯的演说做出了身体上的回应，这真的很棒。因为这样你就能够知道你吸引到了多少的观众。
So he kicks off what could be with, "This is a day I've been looking forward to for two and a half years." So he is launching a product that he's known about already for a couple of years. So this is not a new product to him.然后，他开始向观众兜售起他的理念：“这是我已经期盼了两年半的日子。”他开始发布已经研发了若干年的产品。所以，对于他而言，这并不是一个新产品。
But look at this, he does this other thing: he marvels. He marvels at his own product. He marvels himself more than the audience laughs or claps. So he is like, "Isn't this awesome? Isn't this beautiful?" He is modeling for the audience what he wants them to feel. 但是看看这里，他做了这样一件事：他感到惊奇。他对自己的产品感到惊奇。他表现出了高度的惊奇，甚至远超过观众回应的笑声和掌声。他这么说：“这不是很棒么？这不是很美么？”他向观众传递着他想要他们体会到的感觉。
So he is actually doing a job of compelling them to feel a certain way. So he kicks off with what could be with, "Every once in a while, a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything." So he starts to kick in and talk about his new product.实际上，他正在默默的把观众引领到他的路上。所以他开始把他们带到未来，“不经意间，一个伟大产品的出现将会掀起巨大的风潮。”于是他开始将话题转移到他的产品上。
Now, at the beginning of it, he actually keeps the phone off. You'll see that the line is pretty white up until this point, so he goes off between, "Here's this new phone, and here's the sucky competitors. Here's this new phone, and here's the sucky competitors." 其实，在演讲的开始，他并没有开启他的手机。你可以从这幅图中看到，这一点之前，线条都是白的。于是他开始往返，“这是我研发的新手机，而这是可恶的竞争对手。这是我研发的新手机，而这是可恶的竞争对手。”
And then, right about here, he has the star moment -- and that something we'll always remember. He turns the phone on. The audience sees scrolling for the first time, you can hear the oxygen sucked out of the room. They gasped. You can actually hear it. So he creates a moment that they'll always remember.然后，就在这儿，他开始引入高潮——这是让我们印象深刻的一段。他开启了他的手机，观众第一次看到滑动功能，你们甚至可以听到观众的惊叹声。他们惊讶万分，你真的能听到。实际上乔布斯先生创造了让他们此生难忘的瞬间。
So if we move along this model, you can see the blue, where the external speakers are going, and towards the bottom right, the line breaks. That's because his clicker broke. He wants to keep this heightened sense of excitement. He tells a personal story, right there, where the technology didn't work. So he's the master communicator, and he turns to story to keep the audience involved.如果我们跟着这个模型往下走，你们看到这些蓝线，这是其他人在讲话，而就在右侧底部，这根线断了。这是因为他的遥控器坏了。他想做的就是保持住这种高度的兴奋感。他开始讲述一个故事，就在这儿，这是技术出现故障的时候。他就是演讲大师，他为了留住观众的注意力，开始讲故事。
So the top right he ends with the new bliss. He leaves them with the promise that Apple will continue to build revolutionary new products. And he says, "There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love: 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not to where it has been.' We've always tried to do that at Apple since the very beginning and we always will." So he ends with the new bliss.在右上角，他用新的概念结束了演讲。他给了观众一个承诺：苹果公司将会继续制造这些颠覆性的新产品。他说，“韦恩·格雷茨基有句我非常喜欢的话：‘我总是溜向冰球将达到的点, 而不是追逐它曾在的地方。’苹果公司自成立之初就在做这件事，也将坚持如此。”他以这样的描述结束了演讲。
So let's look at Mr. King. He was an amazing visionary, a clergyman who spent his life working hard for equality. And this is the shape of the "I Have a Dream" speech.接下来，我们看看金先生。他是一个充满智慧的牧师，终生为平等而奋斗。这是《我有一个梦想》的演讲形状。
You can see he starts with what is, moves back and forth between what is and what could be, and ends with a very poetic new bliss, which is the famous part we all know. So I'm going to spread it out a little bit here, stretch it for you, and what I'm doing here is I put the actual transcript there along with the text. I know you can't read it. But at the end of every line break, I broke the line, because he took a breath and he paused.你们可以发现他也是以现状为开头，然后不断在现状与未来之间往返，最后以一个诗意的理想新世界愿景作为结束，这也是为我们所熟知的一段。那么我将会就此扩展一点点，将这条线拉长。我是这么做的，我将真实的声频与文字放在旁边。我知道你们看不清那些字。但是在每一条线的断点处，我也同时打断了这根线，因为这是他换气暂停的时候。
Now he was a Southern Baptist preacher, most people hadn't heard that, so he had a real cadence and a rhythm that was really new for people there. So I want to cover up these lines of text with a bar because I want to use this bar as an information device here.他是一名美南浸信会牧师，这个教会很多人都没有听说过，他有一种能将人们带进新领域的节奏感。我将用小棒来遮挡这些声音线，因为我想在这里将这个小棒作为信息工具。
So let's walk through how he actually spoke to the people. The blue bars here are going to be when he used the actual rhetorical device of repetition. So he was repeating himself, he was using the same words and phrases, so people could remember and recall them. 那现在让我们看看他是怎样铺开的。这些蓝色的小棒代表着他用修辞技巧的时候。所以在这些时间里面，他不断重复同样的词组和句子，让听众们能够记住并且回忆起它们。
But then he also used a lot of metaphors and visual words. This was a way to take really complicated ideas and make them memorable and knowledgeable, so people got it. He actually created very -- almost like scenes with his words to make it so they could envision what he was saying.但是他同时也用了一些具有隐喻以及形象化的词语。这样的做法能够让复杂的想法变得简单并且容易理解，所以听众们能够跟得上他。他实际上是——为他的语言描绘出了一幅画，听众们能够想象出他说了什么。
And then there were also a lot of familiar songs and scriptures that he used. This is just the front end of it that you're seeing. And then he also made a lot of political references of the promises that were made to the people.另外，他也引用了著名的颂词以及经文，这里展示的仅仅是在演讲的开头。另外他也提到了很多政客曾经对人民许下过的政治宣言。
So if we look at the very first end of what is, at the very end of what is was the very first time that people actually clapped and roared really loud. So the end of what is what he did is he said, "America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked insufficient funds." 所以当我们仔细看看在前段结束的时候发生了什么，以及在结尾发生了什么，我们会发现人们在这些时间段的鼓掌以及欢呼非常激烈。在现状的结尾部分，他是这样说的，“美国事实上给黑人开了一张空头支票，一张实际上并没有什么额度的支票。”
Well, everyone knows what it's like to not have money in your account. So he used the metaphor people were very familiar with. But when they really charged up, the very first time they really screamed was: "So we have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice." That's when they really clapped. It was when he compared what currently is to what could be.当然，人们对自己银行账户里没有钱的感觉都深有体会。只是他用了每个人都很熟悉的事情做比喻。但是，当他们真的开始兑现的时候，他们其实呼唤的是：“于是我们开始将这个支票变现，这个支票可以带给我们自由以及平等。”这才是他们由衷鼓掌的时候。他在这里，把现在与未来进行了对比。
So when we move along a little farther in the model, you'll see it goes back and forth at a more frenzied pace. And this is when he goes back and forth, and back and forth. Now the audience was in a frenzy. They were all excited, and so you can actually do this to keep them in a heightened sense of excitement. 当我们继续跟着这个模式往下走就会发现，现在在与未来之间的切换更加频繁。这就是金先生往返的模型。而这个时候，听众的激情已经被点燃。听众们都非常激动，于是你可以通过这样的方式让听众继续保持这一激情。
So he says, "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the meaning of its creed. 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'" So he uses the little orange text there to remind them of the promise that the politicians had made to him or that this country had made. 于是，金先生开始说：“我有一个梦想，我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：‘我们认为真理不言而喻，人人生而平等。’” 于是他在橘黄色这段文字里唤起了人们关于这些承诺的记忆，那些政客或者国家对于人民所做出的承诺。
Then he moves back and forth between "I have a dream that one day, I have a dream that one day, I have a dream that one day," and at the end, it gets really interesting. Because he uses -- you can look at the four shades of green, there's a lot of blue there, which was a lot of repetition -- he had a heightened sense of repetition.然后他开始不断重复“我梦想有一天，我梦想有一天，我梦想有一天。”在最后，就变得非常有意思了。因为他——这四段绿色区域之间穿插着很多代表重复意义的蓝线——在重复中掀起了高潮。
And the green was a heightened sense of songs and scriptures. So the first batch of green was the actual scripture from the Book of Isaiah. The second batch of green was "My Country, 'Tis of Thee." 而绿线代表的是他着重引用的颂词与经文。第一段绿线其实是摘自《以赛亚之书》。第二段绿线则代表的是《我的祖国，你的祖国》这首歌。
Now, that's a familiar song that was specifically very significant for the black people at the time, because this song was the song they chose to change the words to as an outcry, saying that promises had not been kept. So the third batch of green was actually a stanza from "My Country, 'Tis of Thee." And then the fourth was a Negro spiritual. "Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, I'm free at last!"这是一首人们非常熟悉的，并且对当时的黑人意义非常重大的一首歌，因为他们将这首歌的歌词改编成一种呐喊，意图表达出那些政客或国家所做出的承诺不会实现。第三段绿线其实是来自歌曲《为你，我的国家》的一节。第四段是一首黑人的灵歌。【原为美国黑奴所唱的一种宗教歌曲】“我终于自由了！我终于自由了！感谢全能的上帝，我自由了！”
So what he did is he actually reached inside of the hearts of the audience. He pulled from scriptures, which is important. He pulled from songs that they'd sung together as an outcry against this outrage, and he used those as a device to connect and resonate with the audience. Ending -- painting a picture of this new bliss, using the very things inside of them that they already held as sacred.所以他所做的，就是真正引起观众内心的共鸣。他摘取重要的经文，摘出他们共同唱过的歌曲作为对暴行的强烈抗议，同时他也利用这些与听众进行联系与交流。结尾——用听众内心中神圣的那一部分，为听众勾勒出了一幅新世界的蓝图。
So he was a great man. He had a big, big dream. There's a lot of people here, you guys have really big dreams. You have really big ideas inside of you that you need to get out. But you know what? We encounter hardships. It's not easy to change the world; it's a big job. 他是一位伟人，他拥有宏大的理想。在座这么多人，每个人内心都有一个伟大的理想。你的内心波涛汹涌，你需要将你的想法说出来。但是在实现理想的路途中难免困难重重。改变世界不是一件容易的事情；这是一项巨大的工程。
You know he was -- his house was bombed, he was stabbed with a letter opener, ultimately, he lost his life, you know, for what he cared about. But a lot of us aren't going to be required to pay that kind of sacrifice. But what happens is that it basically is a little bit like that basic story structure. Life can be like that.大家知道，马丁·路德·金先生的家被炸弹袭击，而他本人也被人行刺，最后，他失去了生命，这是他为理想所做出的牺牲。大多数人不会做出同样的牺牲。但是实际上，就像之前所提到的故事结构一样。生活也可以呈现那样的曲线。
You know, you guys are all likable people, you have a desire, you encounter roadblocks, and we stop there. We're just like, you know, "I had this idea, but I'm not going to put it out there. It's been rejected." 你们都可以成为主角，你们都有理想，你们会遇上障碍，然后我们就止步了。我们就像: “我有一个想法，但是我不会把它说出来，它已经被拒绝了。”
You know, we self-sabotage our own ideas, we just butt up against the roadblocks and butt up against the roadblocks instead of choosing to let the struggle transform us and choosing to go ahead and have a dream and make it real. And you know, if anyone -- if I can do this, anybody can do this.事实上，是我们自己在阻止自己的表达，我们只是一次又一次地与障碍对抗，而不是让这个困难改变我们，也不是选择前进，去实现自己的理想。如果我能干成这件事，那么所有人都可以。
I was raised in an economically and emotionally starved environment. First time I got to go to a camp with my sister, I was abused. Wasn't the first time I was abused, it was just the most aggressive. And my mom and dad -- they married each other three times,我生长于一个极度贫困、也缺乏爱和关怀的环境。当我和妹妹第一次去露营的时候，我被霸凌了。这当然不是我第一次遇到这种事情，但那是最激烈的一次。我的父母——结婚、离婚再复婚，反反复复三次，
Yeah, that was tumultuous, and when they weren't fighting they were helping sober up some alcoholic that was living with us because they were both sober alcoholics. So my mom abandoned us when I was sixteen years old. 是的，这很混乱，当他们没有发生争吵的时候，就是他们从醉酒后清醒的时候，因为他们俩都是酒鬼。后来在我 16 岁的时候，我的妈妈抛弃了我们。
And I took on a role of caretaker of my home and of my siblings. And I married. I met a man. Fell in love. I went to a year of college. I did what every single, bright, young girl should do -- I got married when I was eighteen years old.于是我就成了家里的支柱，要负责照顾弟弟妹妹。之后我遇到了一个男人，坠入爱河，又上了一年大学。我做了大多数年轻女孩都会做的事情——我 18 岁的时候，我结了婚。
And you know what? I knew, I knew that I was born for more than this. And right at the point in the story of my life I had a choice. I could let all these things push me down and I could let all my ideas die inside of me. I could just say, you know, life is too hard to change the world. It's just too tough. But I chose a different story for my life.你们知道吗？我早就知道，我生来就是要干一番大事的。就在那一刻，我有了一个选择。我可以让所有的这些事情压倒我。我可以把我所有的理想都埋葬在心里。我可以说，生活太艰难，更别提改变世界了。生活太艰难了。但是我选择过一种不一样的生活。
Don't you know it? And so I feel like there's people in this room -- you got those little Suavitos baking spices and you're just like, "You know, It's not that big a deal." "It's really not the whole world I can change." But you know, you can change your world. 你们想到了吧？我觉得这个房间里的所有人——你们内心都住着这样的女孩，而你只是说：“这无关紧要。”“我并不能真的改变世界。”但是，事实上，你能改变你自己的世界。
You can change your life. You can change the world that you have control over, you can change your sphere. I want to encourage you to do that. Because you know what? The future isn't a place that we're going to go. It's a place that you get to create.你可以改变你自己的人生。你可以改变你所拥有的这一切。你可以改变你的生活圈。我想要鼓励你们这么做。因为，未来并不是一个我们必须到达的地方。未来是一个我们自己创造的地方。
I want to thank you. 谢谢大家
RECOMMEND
推荐阅读410篇Ted英文演讲视频在线看，收藏！100篇美国20世纪精彩演讲（文本+MP3音频）
94部经典BBC纪录片合集，强烈推荐！
《纽约时报》年度十大好书，2019最值得看的英文书单！
54部经典经典英文名著合集，收藏贴~2010年代豆瓣十佳经典影片！全部9.0分以上（附资源）
《暮光之城》经典台词整理（附1-4部资源）
《风雨哈佛路》经典回顾：你的人生，其实早就注定了（附完整视频）