TED演讲：瑜伽有什么好处？

 现代瑜伽有很多种不同的练习方式——但是绝大多数都会遵循三大核心要素：身体姿势，呼吸练习，和精神冥思。这种身心结合的练习被很多人认为有着独特的健康方面的优势。但是瑜伽真的对你的健康有益吗？克里希纳 ·苏迪尔（Krishna Sudhir）将带你探查这种古老的传统是怎么样影响人的身体和心灵健康的。

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At some point between the 1st and 5th century CE, the Hindu sage Patañjali began to codify the ancient, meditative traditions practiced throughout India. He recorded techniques nearly as old as Indian civilization itself in 196 manuals called the Yoga Sutras.
在公元一世纪和五世纪间，印度智者帕坦伽利开始整理编纂在整个印度施行的古老的冥想传统做法。他在196颂的著作《瑜伽经》中记录了几乎与印度文明一样古老的技术。
These texts defined yoga as the ‘yoking’ or restraining of the mind from focusing on external objects in efforts to reach a state of pure consciousness. Over time, yoga came to incorporate physical elements from gymnastics and wrestling. 这些经文将瑜伽定义为“控制”，或是限制大脑对外部事物的关注，以达到一种纯粹的意识状态。随着时间的推移，瑜伽融入了源于体操和摔跤的体育元素。
Today, there are a multitude of approaches to modern yoga— though most still maintain the three core elements of Patañjali’s practice: physical postures, breathing exercises, and spiritual contemplation.如今现代瑜伽有很多种不同的练习方式，然而，大多数仍保留了帕坦伽利所提出的的三个核心要素：身体姿势，呼吸练习，和精神冥思。
This blend of physical and mental exercise is widely believed to have a unique set of health advantages. Such as improving strength and flexibility, boosting heart and lung function, and enhancing psychological well-being. 很多人认为这种身心结合的练习有着独特的健康效益。比如提高机体的力量和柔韧性，增强心肺功能，和改善心理健康。
But what have contemporary studies shown regarding the benefits of this ancient tradition? Despite attempts by many researchers, it's tough to make specific claims about yoga's advantages. 但是对于这项古老的传统所带来的益处，当代研究到底为我们展现了什么呢？尽管很多科学家都尝试过，但仍然很难明确瑜伽的优点。
Its unique combination of activities makes it difficult to determine which component is producing a specific health benefit. Additionally, yoga studies are often made up of small sample sizes that lack diversity, and the heavy reliance on self-reporting makes results subjective. 瑜伽将不同动作做了独特组合，因此，判断哪方面让健康获益变得颇有难度。此外，瑜伽方面的研究通常由缺乏多样性的小样本组成，以及过于依赖参与者主观感受都使研究结果缺乏客观性。
However, there are some health benefits that have more robust scientific support than others. Let’s start with flexibility and strength. Twisting your body into yoga’s physical postures stretches multiple muscle groups. 然而，有些瑜伽对身体的好处和其他可能带来的好处相比有着更有力的科学依据作为支持。让我们从柔韧性和力量说起。将你的身体扭转成瑜伽的姿势可以拉伸多个肌肉群。
In the short term, stretching can change the water content of these muscles, ligaments, and tendons to make them more elastic. Over time, regular stretching stimulates stem cells which then differentiate into new muscle tissue and other cells that generate elastic collagen. 拉伸在短期内可以改变被拉伸的肌肉，韧带，以及肌腱中的含水量，让它们变得更有弹性。一段时间后，定期拉伸会刺激干细胞，使其分化形成新的肌肉组织和其他的会生成弹性胶原纤维的细胞。
Frequent stretching also reduces the body’s natural reflex to constrict muscles, improving your pain tolerance for feats of flexibility. Researchers haven't found that any one form of yoga improves flexibility more than another, so the impact of specific postures is unclear. 频繁拉伸也会减少人体肌肉收缩的自然反射，从而提高你对疼痛的耐受力并以此获得更好的柔韧性。研究人员还没有发现有某种瑜伽形式比其他的瑜伽形式可以更好的提高身体的柔韧性，因此具体瑜伽姿势对柔韧性的影响还不明确。
But like other low-impact exercises, yoga reliably improves fitness and flexibility in healthy populations. The practice has also been shown to be a potentially powerful therapeutic tool. 但是像其他低强度的运动一样，瑜伽能以可靠的方式提高健康人的身体素质和柔韧性。瑜伽练习也被证实有可能成为强大的治疗工具。
In studies involving patients with a variety of musculo-skeletal disorders, yoga was more helpful at reducing pain and improving mobility than other forms of low-impact exercise. Adding yoga to an existing exercise routine can improve strength and flexibility for hard to treat conditions like chronic lower back pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis.在针对各种骨骼肌肉疾病患者的研究中，与其他低强度运动相比，瑜伽在减轻疼痛和增强运动能力方面更胜一筹。将瑜伽加入日常锻炼计划中可以增强机体力量和柔韧性，从而帮助人们应对慢性腰痛，类风湿性关节炎，以及骨质疏松等难以治愈的疾病。
Yoga’s mix of physical exercise and regimented breathing has proven similarly therapeutic for lung health. Lung diseases like chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma shrink the passageways that carry oxygen, while weakening the membrane that brings oxygen into the blood. 瑜伽中体育锻炼与有规律呼吸的结合被证实对肺部健康也有同样的保健作用。如慢性支气管炎，肺气肿和哮喘等肺部疾病，会使气道缩紧，也让肺泡薄变得脆弱。
But breathing exercises like those found in yoga relax the muscles constricting those passageways and improve oxygen diffusion. Increasing the blood’s oxygen content is especially helpful for those with weak heart muscles who have difficulty pumping enough oxygen throughout the body. 但是瑜伽中针对呼吸的锻炼，让本来使气道收缩的肌肉放松从而提高氧气的透过率。增加血液中氧气的含量，对那些心肌薄弱难以为身体泵入足够氧气的人们特别有帮助。
And for those with healthy hearts, this practice can lower blood pressure and reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Yoga’s most widely celebrated benefit may be the most difficult to prove: its psychological effects. 对于那些拥有健康心脏的人们来说，这项练习可以降低血压，以及降低使心血管疾病发生的危险因素。瑜伽最广为人知的好处可能是最难被证实的：是它对心理的影响。
Despite the longstanding association between yoga and psychological wellbeing, there’s little conclusive evidence on how the practice affects mental health. One of the biggest claims is that yoga improves symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders. 尽管瑜伽和心理健康方面有着长期的联系但是很少有确凿的证据证明瑜伽练习是如何影响心理健康的。其中最大的一种说法是瑜伽可以改善由抑郁症和焦虑症所引起的症状。
Since diagnosis of these conditions varies widely as do their origin and severity, it’s difficult to quantify yoga’s impact. However, there is evidence to suggest that yoga can help reduce the symptoms of stress, as well as meditation or relaxation.由于这些病的诊断，起源，和严重程度都有着很大的差异，因此，瑜伽对其的影响是很难被量化的。然而，有证据表明瑜伽可以帮助人们减轻压力，以及帮助人们冥想和放松。
Research on the effects of yoga is still evolving. In the future, we’ll need larger studies, incorporating diverse participants, which can measure yoga’s impact on heart attacks, cancer rates, cognitive function and more. 对于瑜伽的研究仍在继续，将来，我们需要更大规模的研究，并纳入不同的参与者，来衡量瑜伽对于心脏病，癌症发病率，以及认知功能等多方面的影响。
But for now, yoga can continue its ancient tradition as a way to exercise, reflect, and relax.但目前，瑜伽可以继续其古老的传统，作为一种供人们锻炼、反思和放松的方式。

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