每周分子Molecule of the Week
Molecule of the Week: Benzonitrile
每周分子：苯甲腈
苯甲腈（一种最简单的氰基芳香物）是一种具有杏仁气味的透明液体。它的合成方法包括：
在NaCN的作用下，加热苯磺酸钠，
将氯化重氮苯加进NaCN和的CuSO4热水溶液中
在氨存在下氧化甲苯，
苯甲酰胺脱水，以及
用CuCN或NaCN处理溴苯。
尽管有许多合成苯甲腈的方法，但苯甲腈的唯一用途是作为一种溶剂或是苯代三聚氰胺（三聚氰胺的一种衍生物）的前体。但最近，苯甲腈却成为了“星体”发现的话题。
美国国家射电天文观测台（夏洛茨维尔，弗吉尼亚州）的Brett A. McGuire和合作者们在星际尘埃中发现了苯甲腈。他们估计尘埃云距离我们有430光年远。尽管天体化学家估计所有星际碳中有10%是由多环芳烃组成的，但这是第一个在太空中发现的芳香分子。
苯甲腈信息速览
CAS登记号 | 100-47-0 |
摩尔质量 | 103.12 g/mol |
分子式 | C7H5N |
外观 | 无色液体 |
沸点 | 191 °C |
水溶性 | <5 g/L |
苯甲腈危害信息
| GHS分类*：可燃液体，分类4 | |
| H227—可燃液体 | |
| GHS分类：急性毒性，口服，分类4 | |
| H302—吞食有害 | |
| GHS分类：急性毒性，皮肤，分类4 | |
| H312—皮肤接触有害 | |
| GHS分类：危害水生环境，急性危害，分类3 | |
| H402—对水生生物有害 |
【关于每周分子 】
自2001年以来，“每周分子”已成为广受欢迎的栏目。多数分子由读者推荐。每个结构都经由科学家审查，并以3-D和平面图像的形式显示，同时附有该分子简介。可以通过美国化学文摘社（CAS）提供的SciFinder中的CAS REGISTRY获取每周分子的更多信息。CAS REGISTRY中的每条物质信息都展示了物质的CAS登记号、索引名、通用名、商品名、书目信息等其他更多信息。发送邮件至motw@acs.org推荐您感兴趣的分子。
Benzonitrile, the simplest cyanoaromatic, is a clear liquid with an almond-like odor. Methods for synthesizing it include
heating sodium benzenesulfonate with NaCN,
adding benzenediazonium chloride to a hot aqueous solution of NaCN and CuSO4,
oxidizing toluene in the presence of ammonia,
dehydrating benzamide, and
treating bromobenzene with CuCN or NaCN.
Despite these many synthetic methods, the only uses for benzonitrile are as a solvent or a precursor to benzoguanamine, a derivative of melamine. But recently, the molecule was the subject of a “stellar” discovery.
Brett A. McGuire, at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Charlottesville, VA, and collaborators identified benzonitrile in interstellar dust. They estimate that the dust cloud is 430 light-years away. This is the first aromatic molecule to be discovered in space, even though astrochemists estimate that 10% of all interstellar carbon consist of polynuclear aromatics.
Benzonitrile fast facts
| CAS Reg. No. | 100-47-0 |
| Molar mass | 103.12 g/mol |
| Empirical formula | C7H5N |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Boiling point | 191 °C |
| Water solubility | <5 g/L |
Benzonitrile hazard information
| GHS classification*: flammable liquids, category 4 | |
| H227—Combustible liquid | |
| GHS classification: acute toxicity, oral, category 4 | |
| H302—Harmful if swallowed | |
| GHS classification: acute toxicity, dermal, category 4 | |
| H312— Harmful in contact with skin | |
| GHS classification: hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard, category 3 | |
| H402—Harmful to aquatic life |
*Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. Explanation of pictograms.
About Molecule of the Week
MOTW has been a popular feature on ACS website since 2001. Many molecules are suggested by our website visitors. Every structure is reviewed by a scientist and displayed in 3-D and flat images with a brief description. Each week’s molecule also links to a sample record from the CAS REGISTRY, which is searched using SciFinder. Each record displays the registry number, index name and synonyms, bibliographic information, and more. Send us a molecule suggestion at motw@acs.org.
Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society.
往期精选：
每周分子Molecule of the Week：过硫化六苯并苯
每周分子Molecule of the Week：α-松油醇
每周分子Molecule of the Week：L-脯氨酸
每周分子Molecule of the Week：Vismodegib
每周分子Molecule of the Week：2,5-呋喃二甲酸
更多信息，请点击"阅读原文" Learn more about this molecule.