CATTI备考 | 世卫组织发布《世界视力报告》，学习笔记来啦！
本期推送为大家带来
中英对照的世界卫生组织的《世界视力报告》，
以及相关表达和知识点积累。
全文阅读大约需要10-15分钟
At least 2.2 billion people have vision impairment or blindness, of which over 1 billion cases could have been prevented or have yet to be addressed. More than 1 billion people worldwide are living with vision impairment because they do not get the care they need for conditions like short and far sightedness, glaucoma and cataract, according to the first World report on vision issued by the World Health Organization.
全球视力损伤或失明人数高达22亿人以上，其中至少10亿人的视力损伤问题本可预防或尚待解决。根据世界卫生组织发布的第一份《世界视力报告》，全世界共有10亿多人因无法得到必要的医疗或护理服务来解决近视、远视、青光眼和白内障等问题而视力受损。
笔记
glaucoma /ɡlɔːˈkəʊmə/
Glaucoma is an eye disease which can cause people to gradually go blind. 青光眼
cataract /ˈkætəˌrækt/ TEM4 ( cataracts )
Cataracts are layers over a person's eyes that prevent them from seeing properly. Cataracts usually develop because of old age or illness. 白内障
例：In one study, light smokers were found to be more than twice as likely to get cataracts as non-smokers.
一项研究表明，轻度烟民患白内障的比例是不吸烟者的两倍以上。
The report, launched ahead of World Sight Day on 10 October, found that ageing populations, changing lifestyles and limited access to eye care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are among the main drivers of the rising numbers of people living with vision impairment.
这份报告在10月10日世界爱眼日前夕发布。报告指出，人口老龄化、生活方式改变和获得眼科护理机会有限是视力障碍人数不断增加的主要因素，在低收入和中等收入国家尤其如此。
"Eye conditions and vision impairment are widespread, and far too often they still go untreated," says Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. "People who need eye care must be able to receive quality interventions without suffering financial hardship. Including eye care in national health plans and essential packages of care is an important part of every country's journey towards universal health coverage."
世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞博士说：“眼部疾患和视力障碍非常普遍，但往往得不到处理。需要眼科护理的人必须能够在不会陷入财务困难的情况下获得高质量的干预服务。将眼科保健纳入国家卫生计划和基本卫生保健服务是每个国家实现全民健康覆盖的重要组成部分”。
笔记
access
~ (to sth) the opportunity or right to use sth or to see sb/sth （使用或见到的）机会，权利
例：have access to good resources
access to confidential information
driver
one of the main things that influence sth or cause it to make progress 驱动因素
例：Housing is a key driver of the economy.
eye conditions 眼病
注：condition一词，在医学用语中，作不可数名词时指的是健康状况（the state of sb's health or how fit they are）；
作可数名词时指的是因不可能治愈而长期患有的疾病（an illness or a medical problem that you have for a long time because it is not possible to cure it ）
go untreated
注：untreated: not receiving medical treatment 没有接受治疗的；也可指“未经处理的”（i.e. untreated sewage）、“未经防护处理的”
a package of care 一揽子护理
注： a package of 也可搭配其他名词使用，如：a package of shares 指的是股票组合；a package of concessions 是一揽子让步方案。
Dr Tedros adds: "It is unacceptable that 65 million people are blind or have impaired sight when their vision could have been corrected overnight with a cataract operation, or that over 800 million struggle in everyday activities because they lack access to a pair of glasses."
谭德塞博士还指出：“本可通过白内障手术立即矫正6500万人的视力，避免其失明或视力受损。另外，还有8亿多人因无眼镜而在日常活动中困难重重。这是不可接受的”。
Globally, at least 2.2 billion people have a vision impairment or blindness, of whom at least 1 billion have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed.
全球至少有22亿人视力受损或失明，其中至少10亿人的视力损伤问题本可预防或尚待解决。
Other main findings of the report include:
The burden of eye conditions and vision impairment is not borne equally: it is often far greater in people living in rural areas, those with low incomes, women, older people, people with disabilities, ethnic minorities and indigenous populations.
The unmet need of distance vision impairment in low- and middle-income regions is estimated to be four times higher than in high-income regions.
报告的其他主要结论有：
视力疾患和视力损伤负担体现了不平等现象：农村人、低收入人群、妇女、老年人、残疾人、少数民族和土著居民的负担往往大得多。
在远视障碍方面，低收入和中等收入地区未获满足的需求估计是高收入地区的四倍。
Low- and middle-income regions of western and eastern sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have rates of blindness that are eight times higher than in all high-income countries. Rates of cataract and trachomatous trichiasis are higher among women, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
撒哈拉以南非洲西部和东部以及南亚的低收入和中等收入地区的失明率是所有高收入国家的八倍。妇女白内障和沙眼倒睫发病率较高，特别是在低收入和中等收入国家。
US$14.3 billion is needed to address the backlog of 1 billion people living with vision impairment or blindness due to short and far sightedness, and cataracts.
10亿人因近视和远视以及白内障而视力受损或失明的积压问题，需要提供143亿美元。
Main causes of rising cases of vision impairment
Eye conditions that can cause vision impairment and blindness – such as cataract, trachoma and refractive error – are the main focus of national prevention and other eye care strategies. But eye conditions that do not typically impair vision, including dry eye and conjunctivitis, must not be overlooked as they are among the main reasons for people to seek eye health care services in all countries, the report states.
视力损伤人数上升的主要原因
国家预防和其他眼部护理战略的主要重点是处理可能导致视力损伤和失明的眼部疾患，如白内障、沙眼和屈光不正等。但报告也指出，不能忽视通常并不损伤视力的眼部疾患，包括干眼症和结膜炎，它们是导致各国人们寻求眼部保健服务的一项主要原因。
笔记
conjunctivitis /kənˌdʒʌŋktɪˈvaɪtɪs/
Conjunctivitis is an eye infection which causes the thin skin that covers the eye to become red. 结膜炎
overnight
suddenly or quickly 突然；一夜之间；旋即
during or for the night 在夜间；在晚上 （stay overnight）
borne
past participle of bear
-borne (in adjectives 构成形容词) carried by 由…携带的 （i.e. waterborne diseases 指由水传染的疾病）
unmet
(formal) (of needs, etc. 需要等) not satisfied 未满足的
trachomatous trichiasis 沙眼倒睫
[trə'komətəs] [医] 沙眼的;
[trɪ'kaɪəsɪs] 倒睫，倒睫症; 多行睫;
backlog
a quantity of work that should have been done already, but has not yet been done 积压的工作
refractive error
[riˈfræktiv ˈerə] [医]屈光不正;
The combination of a growing and ageing population will significantly increase the total number of people with eye conditions and vision impairment, since prevalence increases with age.
眼部疾患和视力损伤流行率随年龄增长而上升。受人口增长和老龄化综合因素影响，患有眼部疾患和视力损伤总人数将显著上升。
Other main drivers of the most common eye conditions include:
Myopia (near-sightedness): Increased time spent indoors and increased "near work" activities are leading to more people suffering from myopia. Increased outdoor time can reduce this risk.
造成最常见眼部疾患的其他主要因素有:
近视：长时间呆在室内和大量从事“近距离工作”活动，导致越来越多的人有近视问题。增加户外时间即可降低这一风险。
Diabetic retinopathy: increasing numbers of people are living with diabetes, particularly Type 2, which can impact vision if not detected and treated. Nearly all people with diabetes will have some form of retinopathy in their lifetimes. Routine eye checks and good diabetes control can protect people's vision from this condition.
糖尿病视网膜病变：越来越多的人患有糖尿病，尤其是2型糖尿病。如果不检测和治疗糖尿病，就可能会影响视力。几乎所有糖尿病患者在一生期间都会有某种形式的视网膜病变。通过进行常规眼部检查和妥善控制糖尿病，可以保护人们的视力免受糖尿病影响。
Late detection: Due to weak or poorly integrated eye care services, many people lack access to routine checks that can detect conditions and lead to the delivery of appropriate preventive care or treatment.
发现过晚：由于眼部护理服务薄弱或不够完整，许多人无法获得常规检查。可以通过常规检查发现疾患并提供适当的预防护理或治疗。
Access to services
Stronger integration of eye care is needed within national health services, including at primary health care level, to ensure that the eye care needs of more people are addressed, including through prevention, early detection, treatment and rehabilitation, the report found.
获得服务
该报告指出，在国家卫生服务中，包括在初级卫生保健级别，需要进一步开展眼部保健工作，通过预防、早期发现、治疗和康复服务，确保满足更多人的眼部保健需求。
Dr Alarcos Cieza, who heads WHO's work to address blindness and vision impairment, says: "Millions of people have severe vision impairment and are not able to participate in society to their fullest because they can't access rehabilitation services. In a world built on the ability to see, l eye care services, including rehabilitation, must be provided closer to communities for people to achieve their maximum potential."
世卫组织负责失明和视力损伤问题工作的Alarcos Cieza博士说，“数以百万计的人因无法获得康复服务而视力严重受损，无法充分参与社会活动。在当今世界，视力至关重要。必须就近提供眼科护理服务，包括提供康复服务，以便人们发挥最大潜力”。
The report states that all people living with blindness and severe vision impairment who cannot be treated are still able to lead independent lives if they access rehabilitation services. Options include optical magnifiers and reading use Braille, to smartphone wayfinders and orientation and mobility training with white canes.
报告指出，所有失明的和视力严重受损、但却无法获得治疗的人，如果获得康复服务（例如使用光学放大镜，用盲文阅读，使用智能手机寻路器以及使用白手杖定向和走路），就仍能过上自立的生活。
笔记
myopia /maɪˈəʊpɪə/
Myopia is the inability to see things properly when they are far away, because there is something wrong with your eyes. 近视
Diabetic retinopathy /daɪəˈbɛtɪk ˌrɛtnˈɑpəθi/
糖尿病视网膜病
rehabilitation
to help sb to have a normal, useful life again after they have been very ill/sick or in prison for a long time 使（重病患者）康复；使（长期服刑者）恢复正常生活
Braille /breɪl/
Braille is a system of printing for blind people. The letters are printed as groups of raised dots that you can feel with your fingers. 盲文
optical magnifiers
光学放大镜
本文来源：WHO官方网站
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