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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第四十九期，将介绍Urban Studies的5篇online-first研究论文，主题涵盖肯尼亚内罗毕的智慧城市化对非正规居住区的影响、全球气候变化不平等背景下的绿色绅士化、住房自由权虚假期许作用下的住房不平等、美国城市地区出行支出的影响因素、以及城市更新项目中的企业家治理实践，欢迎阅读。
Informal urbanism and the Internet of Things: Reliability, trust and the reconfiguration of infrastructure
非正规城市化与物联网：可靠性，信任和基础设施的重新配置
Joseph Chambers（曼切斯特大学，英国）
James Evans（曼切斯特大学，英国）
首次出版时间：2020/1/21｜研究论文
Abstract
Of the build out of humanity predicted up to the end of the century, a substantial portion will occur within informal urban settlements – areas characterised by poor access to infrastructure and services. There is a pressing need to better understand how and with what implications the growing proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, as a component of smart urbanism, are being applied to address the challenges of these areas. The following paper addresses this research gap, showing how IoT technology is reconfiguring trust within water and energy infrastructures in Nairobi. We apply work on informal urban infrastructures and smart urbanism to three case studies, producing novel insights into how IoT technologies reconfigure connections between users, providers and infrastructures. This reconfiguration of trust smooths chronic infrastructural uncertainties and generates reliability within informal settlements and, in doing so, leads to increased personal economies. We conclude by considering how these examples provide insights into the implications of IoT for everyday urbanisms in informal settlements and how these insights relate to global smart city debates more widely.
摘要
世纪末预测的人类建筑中的很大一部分将位于非正规城市住区，这些区域的特点是基础设施和服务的匮乏。我们迫切需要更好地理解的是，作为智慧城市化的一个组成部分，物联网技术的增长和普及如何被用于应对这些区域面临的挑战，以及由此产生了哪些影响。本文展示了物联网技术如何在内罗毕的水和能源基础设施供应中重新配置信任，从而解决了这一研究空白。我们将关于非正规城市基础设施和智慧城市化的研究应用于三个案例，对物联网技术如何重新配置用户、提供商和基础设施之间的关系提出了新的见解。信任的这种重新配置缓解了长期的基础设施不确定性，并在非正规住区中产生了可靠性，从而增加了个人经济效用。最后，我们探讨这些例子在物联网对非正规住区的日常城市生活的影响方面带来的启示，以及这些启示与更广泛的全球智慧城市辩论之间的联系。
Keywords
informality, smart urbanism, Internet of Things, infrastructure, Africa非正规性, 智慧城市化, 物联网, 基础设施, 非洲
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019890798
Urban green gentrification in an unequal world of climate change
气候变化不平等世界里的城市绿色绅士化
Anders Blok（哥本哈根大学，丹麦）
首次出版时间：2020/1/21｜研究论文
Abstract
Over the past few decades, notions of environmental, ecological or green gentrification in cities have entered the lexicon of critical urban scholars and activists alike, not least in North American and European settings. This happens amidst growing concerns that the current policy and planning emphasis on making cities more sustainable serves in some cases to exacerbate socio-material inequalities in the city via forms of residential displacement. In this critical commentary, I respond to recent calls for expanding the socio-geographical parameters of green gentrification research, and for enriching the agenda via new theoretical approaches, by highlighting one particular avenue of problematisation that seems so far conspicuously lacking. This is the realisation that, in an unequal world of anthropogenic climate change, green gentrification must be grasped not only at local but also, simultaneously, at transnational scales of risk-induced socio-spatial restructuring. My suggested approach to a more multi-scalar and climate-sensitive notion of green gentrification proceeds via sociologist Ulrich Beck’s theorising of the intensifying socio-material inequalities of climate change in ‘world risk society’, along with ethnographic work on urban climate politics in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, and in the North-West Indian city of Surat. While allowing us to analyse the many local ambivalences wedded with urban sustainability politics in the global North and global South alike, Beck helpfully insists that we keep their unequal trans-local interconnectedness in view, yielding a radicalised notion of green gentrification as set in-between and connecting localised and globalised frames of inequality in new ways.
摘要
在过去的几十年里，城市的环境、生态或绿色绅士化的概念已经成为了城市批判学者和城市活动家的常用术语，在北美和欧洲尤其如此。其背景是，越来越多的人担心当前强调提高城市可持续性的政策和规划在某些情况下会通过各种形式的居民驱逐加剧城市的社会物质不平等。在这篇批判性的评论中，我强调迄今为止明显缺乏的一种特殊的问题化途径，从而回应了最近关于扩展绿色绅士化研究的社会地理参数、以及通过新的理论方法丰富议程的呼吁。这是一种认识，即在一个不平等的人为气候变化世界中，绿色绅士化不仅必须在地方尺度把握，同时也必须在引发风险的社会空间重组的跨国尺度上把握。我建议以一种更为多尺度、且对气候敏感的方式看待绿色绅士化概念，这一灵感的来源是社会学家乌尔里希·贝克 (Ulrich Beck) 关于“世界风险社会”中不断加剧的气候变化社会物质不平等的理论，以及丹麦首都哥本哈根和印度西北部城市苏拉特的城市气候政治的人类学研究。贝克使我们能分析全球北方和全球南方伴随城市可持续发展政治而来的许多地方矛盾心理，同时他有益地坚持认为，我们应该考虑它们不平等的跨地方相互联系，正是这种联系产生了一种介于两者之间的激进的绿色绅士化概念，并以新的方式将地方和全球不平等框架联系起来。
Keywords
displacement/gentrification, environment/sustainability, globalisation, theory
驱逐/绅士化, 环境/可持续性, 全球化, 理论
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019891050The false promise of homeownership: Homeowner societies in an era of declining access and rising inequality
住房所有权的错误期许：住房机会减少和不平等加剧时期的业主社会
Rowan Arundel（阿姆斯特丹大学，荷兰）
Richard Ronald（阿姆斯特丹大学，荷兰）
首次出版时间：2020/1/21｜研究论文
Abstract
In the late 20th century, homeownership became entrenched in a wider societal project that sought to transform the economy and increase social inclusion. This project focused on mortgaged owner-occupation as a means not only to acquire a stable home, but also to realise greater economic security via asset accumulation. The underlying ideology featured an implicit promise that homeownership would be widespread, equalising and secure. Despite transformations in market conditions, such narratives have continued to underscore policy approaches and housing marketisation. This article directly confronts this promise. It first unpacks its key tenets before investigating their currency across three classic ‘homeowner societies’: the US, the UK and Australia. Our empirical findings reveal declining access to homeownership, increasing inequalities in concentrations of housing wealth and intensifying house-price volatility undermining asset security. The article contends that the imperative of homeownership that has sustained housing policy since the 1970s may be increasingly considered a ‘false promise’. Our analyses expose contemporary housing market dynamics that instead appear to enhance inequality and insecurity.
摘要
在20世纪后期，房屋所有权在一个更广泛的社会项目中变得根深蒂固，这个项目寻求经济转型和提升社会包容度。该项目强调抵押房主自住，这不仅作为获得稳定住房的一种手段，也作为通过资产积累提升经济安全的一种手段。这其中潜在的意识形态所强调的是这样一个期许：房屋所有权将是广泛的、平等的和安全的。尽管市场环境发生了变化，但这种论述继续强调政策方法和住房市场化。本文直接质疑这个期许。在对这些主要信条在美国、英国和澳大利亚这三个典型的“业主社会”的现实体现进行调查之前，我们首先对这些信条进行了解析。我们的经验研究结果显示，获得住房所有权的机会在减少，住房财富集中的不平等在加剧，而破坏资产安全的房价波动则在加剧。本文认为，自20世纪70年代以来一直作为住房政策基石的房屋所有权必要性理论可能会越来越被视为一种“错误的期许”。我们的分析揭示了当代住房市场的动态，而这种动态似乎加剧了不平等和不安全。
Keywords
homeowner societies, homeownership, housing markets, housing wealth, inequality
关键词业主社会, 房屋所有权, 住房市场, 住房财富, 不平等
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019895227
Explaining transit expenses in US urbanised areas: Urban scale, spatial form and fiscal capacity
解释美国城市地区的出行支出：城市规模，空间形态和财政能力
Jerry Zhirong Zhao(明尼苏达大学，美国）以及其他四位共同作者首次出版时间：2020/1/23｜研究论文
Abstract
This research seeks to explain patterns of capital investment and operating expenses for urban transit systems in the United States. We isolate supply factors including urban scales, urban spatial form and financial capacity. Individual and group transit demands are accounted for by social and demographic characteristics including education level, immigrant populations, poverty levels, senior population and race. The results demonstrate that transit investments are super-linear to population, directly contradicting predictions of Bettencourt’s popular urban scale theory. Transit expenses are explained primarily by urban scales, urban spatial form and financial capacity, but demand forces such as poverty, car usage and political ideology have strong effects as well.
摘要
本项研究旨在解释美国城市交通系统的资本投资和运营费用模式。我们隔离供给因素，其中包括城市规模、城市空间形式和财政能力。个人和群体的出行需求由社会和人口特征决定，包括教育水平、移民人口、贫困水平、老年人口和种族等。结果表明，公交投资与人口呈超线性关系，这直接与流行的贝登古尔（Bettencourt）城市规模理论的预测相矛盾。出行开支主要由城市规模、城市空间形态和财政能力来解释，但贫困、汽车使用和政治意识形态等需求力量也有很大影响。
Keywords financial capacity, political market, spatial form, transit expenses, urban transit
关键词财政能力, 政治市场, 空间形式, 出行开支, 城市公交
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019892582
5Contractual arrangements and entrepreneurial governance: Flexibility and leeway in urban regeneration projects
合同安排和企业家治理：城市更新项目的灵活性和回旋余地
Martijn van den Hurk（阿姆斯特丹大学，荷兰）
Tuna Tasan-Kok（阿姆斯特丹大学，荷兰）
首次出版时间：2020/1/23｜研究论文
Abstract
Urban regeneration projects involve complex contractual deals between public- and private-sector actors. Critics contend that contracts hamper opportunities for flexibility and change in these projects due to strict provisions that are incorporated in legal agreements. This article offers contrary empirical insights based on a study of contractual arrangements for urban regeneration projects in the Netherlands, including an analysis of interviews and confidential documents. It zooms in on provisions on safeguarding and adaptation, finding that urban regeneration projects remain receptive to flexibility and change. Public-sector actors use their room to manoeuvre while operating contracts, seeking to secure social relations and keep projects going. This article taps into data sources that are difficult to access, addressing what is included in contracts and how they are used by practitioners, and presents questions for future research on contracts in the urban built environment.
摘要
城市更新项目涉及公共和私营部门行为者之间复杂的合同交易。批评家们认为，由于法律协议中包含了严格的条款，合同阻碍了这些项目的灵活性和变化机会。本文基于对荷兰城市更新项目合同安排的研究，包括对访谈和保密文件的分析，提供了相反的经验见解。我们详尽观察了关于保护和适应的条款，发现城市更新项目仍然能够接受灵活性和变化。公共部门的行为者在实施合同时会利用他们的机动空间，寻求保护社会关系并确保项目的持续推进。本文利用了通常难以获取的数据来源，阐述了合同中包含的内容以及从业人员如何利用这些内容，并为城市建筑环境中合同的未来研究提出了问题。
Keywords contracts, entrepreneurial governance, flexibility, the Netherlands, urban regeneration
关键词合同, 企业家治理, 灵活性, 荷兰, 城市更新
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019894277
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