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Urban Studies每年会出版约180篇论文，旨在推动城市研究领域的知识积累和理论发展。为了更好地推广城市研究学者的作品，Urban Studies推出了Editors’ Featured Articles 栏目，即主编在每一季度会推荐数篇读者关注度较高、理论贡献较大的论文作品，并为读者提供限时免费阅读和下载的渠道。
在这一季度中，主编总共推荐了6篇论文，主题涵盖超级多样化社区的移民地方营造，移民对当地就业的影响，住房、城市增长与空间不平等，大都市住房市场与区域增长生态，空间临时使用的灵活性、机遇与不稳定性，以及英格兰核心城市的临时使用等，欢迎阅读和下载！
Migrant place-making in super-diverse neighbourhoods: Moving beyond ethno-national approaches
超级多样化社区中的移民地方营造：超越民族国家的框架
Simon Pemberton（基尔大学，英国）
Jenny Phillimore（伯明翰大学，英国）
首次出版时间：2016/7/5 ｜研究论文
Abstract
Whilst attention has previously focused on the importance of monolithic ethnic identities on migrant place-making, less attention has been paid to how place-making proceeds in super-diverse urban neighbourhoods where no single ethnic group predominates. This paper makes an original contribution by identifying the factors that shape migrants’ affinity with, or alienation from, super-diverse neighbourhoods. Through using and critiquing an analytical framework developed by Gill (2010 Pathologies of migrant place making: The case of Polish migrants to the UK. Environment and Planning A 42(5): 1157–1173) that identifies ‘ideal’ and ‘pathological’ place-making strategies, the paper contrasts two super-diverse neighbourhoods in the UK with different histories of diversity. We show how ‘ideal’ migrant place-making is more likely to occur where there is a common neighbourhood identity based around diversity, difference and/or newness, and where those with ‘visible’ differences can blend in. In contrast, ‘pathologies’ are more likely where the ongoing churn of newcomers, coupled with the speed and recency of change, undermine migrants’ affinity with place and where the diversity of the neighbourhood is not yet embedded. Even where neighbourhood identity based on diversity is established, it may alienate less visible migrants and culminate in a new form of (minority) white flight.摘要
先前的研究主要关注单一族群身份对移民地方营造的重要性，对于在没有单一族群占主导地位的超级多样城市街区中地方营造如何开展，并没有给予足够重视。本文通过识别影响移民与超级多样街区的亲和或疏离关系的因素，作出了原创性的贡献。Gill (2010, Pathologies of migrant place making: The case of Polish migrants to the UK. Environment and Planning A 42(5): 1157–1173) 发展了一个分析框架来识别“理想的”和“病态的”地方营造策略。本文利用并批判这一分析框架，对比了英国两个有着不同多样性历史的超级多样街区。我们展示了，一个地方如果围绕多样性、差异性和/或新颖性而形成了共同的街区认同，并且具有“明显”差异的人可以融入其中，就更有可能发生“理想的”移民地方营造。与之相对的，一个地方如果出现持续的新移民流失，再加上不断快速变化，削弱了移民与地方的亲和关系，并且街区的多样性尚未扎根，则更可能是“病态的”。即使建立了以多样性为基础的街区认同，也可能疏远那些默默无闻的移民，最终形成新的“白人群飞”（少数族群迁移）形式。关键词
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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0042098016656988Estimating the local employment impacts of immigration: A dynamic spatial panel model
移民对当地就业的影响：一个动态的空间面板模型
Bernard Fingleton（剑桥大学，英国）
Daniel Olner（谢菲尔德大学，英国）
Gwilym Pryce（谢菲尔德大学，英国）
首次出版时间：2019/12/12 ｜研究论文
Abstract
This paper highlights a number of important gaps in the UK evidence base on the employment impacts of immigration, namely: (1) the lack of research on the local impacts of immigration – existing studies only estimate the impact for the country as a whole; (2) the absence of long-term estimates – research has focused on relatively short time spans – there are no estimates of the impact over several decades, for example; (3) the tendency to ignore spatial dependence of employment which can bias the results and distort inference – there are no robust spatial econometric estimates we are aware of. We aim to address these shortcomings by creating a unique data set of linked Census geographies spanning five Censuses since 1971. These yield a large enough sample to estimate the local impacts of immigration using a novel spatial panel model which controls for endogenous selection effects arising from migrants being attracted to high-employment areas. We illustrate our approach with an application to London and find that no migrant group has a statistically significant long-term negative effect on employment. EU migrants, however, are found to have a significant positive impact, which may have important implications for the Brexit debate. Our approach opens up a new avenue of inquiry into subnational variations in the impacts of immigration on employment.
摘要
本文凸显了在英国移民对就业的影响方面证据的一些重要缺失，即：(1)缺乏移民对地方的影响方面的研究—现有研究仅估计对整个国家的影响；(2)缺乏长期估计——研究集中在相对较短的时间跨度上——例如，没有对几十年来的影响进行估计；(3)忽视就业空间依赖性的倾向，这可能会使结果产生偏差并扭曲推论——据我们所知没有有可靠的空间计量经济估计。我们旨在通过创建一个自1971年以来的、涵盖五次普查的独特的连接普查地理数据集，以解决这些缺失。这产生了一个足够大的样本，可以利用一个新的空间面板模型来估计移民对地方的影响，该模型可以控制因移民被吸引到高就业地区而产生的内生选择效应造成的偏差。我们通过在伦敦的应用来说明我们的方法，并且发现，没有一个移民群体对就业有统计上显著的长期负面影响。然而，欧盟移民被发现具有显著的正面影响，这可能对英国退出欧盟的辩论产生重要影响。我们的方法为研究在国家以下的层面移民对就业的影响的差异开辟了一条新的途径。Keywords
demographics, diversity/cohesion/segregation, employment/labour, lump of labour fallacy, migration, race/ethnicity, spatial panel modelshttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0042098019887916
Housing, urban growth and inequalities: The limits to deregulation and upzoning in reducing economic and spatial inequality
住房、城市增长和不平等：放松管制和升级分区对于减少经济和空间不平等的局限性
Andrés Rodríguez-Pose（伦敦政治经济学院，英国）
Michael Storper（伦敦政治经济学院，英国）
首次出版时间：2019/9/17 ｜研究论文
Abstract
Urban economics and branches of mainstream economics – what we call the ‘housing as opportunity’ school of thought – have been arguing that shortages of affordable housing in dense agglomerations represent a fundamental barrier to economic development. Housing shortages are considered to limit migration into thriving cities, curtailing their expansion potential, generating rising social and spatial inequalities and inhibiting national growth. According to this dominant view, relaxing zoning and other planning regulations in the most prosperous cities is crucial to unleash the economic potential of cities and nations and to facilitate within-country migration. In this article, we contend that the bulk of the claims of the housing as opportunity approach are fundamentally flawed and lead to simplistic and misguided policy recommendations. We posit that there is no clear and uncontroversial evidence that housing regulation is a principal source of differences in home availability or prices across cities. Blanket changes in zoning are unlikely to increase domestic migration or to improve affordability for lower-income households in prosperous areas. They would, however, increase gentrification within metropolitan areas and would not appreciably decrease income inequality. In contrast to the housing models, we argue that the basic motors of all these features of the economy are the current geography of employment, wages and skills.摘要
城市经济学和主流经济学的分支(我们称之为“住房即机遇”学派)一直认为，密集集聚区经济适用房的短缺是经济发展的根本障碍。住房短缺被认为限制了向繁荣城市的移民，削弱了城市的扩张潜力，导致社会和空间不平等加剧，抑制了国家增长。根据这一主流观点，在最繁荣的城市放松分区和其他规划条例对于释放城市和国家的经济潜力以及促进国内移民至关重要。在本文中，我们认为大部分的“住房即机遇”权利主张都是有根本缺陷的，并导致了简单化和误导性的政策建议。我们认为，没有明确且无争议的证据表明，住房条例是城市间住房供应或价格差异的主要原因。分区的全面改变不太可能增加国内移民，也不太可能提高富裕地区低收入家庭的负担能力。然而，它们会促进大都市地区的绅士化，且不会明显减少收入不平等。与住房模型相反，我们认为所有这些经济特征的基本驱动力是当前的就业、工资和技能地理分布。关键词
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A regional growth ecology, a great wall of capital and a metropolitan housing market
区域增长生态、资本长城与大都市住房市场
David Ley（英属哥伦比亚大学，加拿大）
首次出版时间：2020/1/27 ｜研究论文
Abstract
In a narrative framed by Harvey Molotch’s growth machine thesis, this article examines the globalisation of property in gateway cities, and its contribution to house price inflation in Vancouver, the least affordable market in North America. In response to a floundering British Columbia (BC) economy, a favourable investment and immigration climate welcomed capital and invited capitalists to re-locate their economic skills. Substantial funds flowed to Vancouver from the buoyant Asia Pacific, from distant investors and wealthy immigrants. Capital flows were facilitated by a powerful growth coalition, as the provincial government benefited significantly from these funds, and held a common interest with a vigorous trans-Pacific property industry. Supporting this growth coalition, the deregulation of private institutions and the under-resourcing of public agencies working in the capital/real estate nexus provided an ecology favourable to the ‘animal spirits’ of the market, including real estate opportunism and money laundering. Such a growth ecology, exacerbating severe unaffordability, may exist in other globally networked cities, though relations are rarely so well developed and so powerful in their effects.
摘要
本文的论述以哈维•莫洛奇（Harvey Molotch）的增长机器理论为框架，探讨门户城市的房地产全球化，及其对温哥华这一房价最超负担能力的北美市场房价上涨的贡献。为了应对苦苦挣扎的不列颠哥伦比亚省经济状况，该省营造了有利的投资和移民环境，欢迎资本的到来并鼓励资本家带着其经济技能前来。大量资金从繁荣的亚太地区、遥远的投资者和富裕的移民流向温哥华。强大的增长联盟促进了资本流动，省政府从这些资金中受益匪浅，并与蓬勃发展的跨太平洋房地产业有着共同利益。对私人机构的放松管制、以及在资本/房地产关系中工作的公共机构资源不足导致了一个鼓励市场“动物精神”的生态环境（包括房地产投机和洗钱），支持着这一增长联盟。这种增长生态进一步加剧了本已严重的房价超负担能力。其也可能存在于其他全球网络内的城市中，尽管此等关系很少如此成熟，影响如此强大。Keywords
deregulation, globalisation of property, growth machine, unaffordable housing, Vancouver关键词放松管制, 房地产全球化, 增长机器, 房价超负担能力, 温哥华
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0042098019895226
Temporary use of space: Urban processes between flexibility, opportunity and precarity
空间的临时利用：介于灵活性、机遇与不稳定之间的城市过程
Ali Madanipour（纽卡斯尔大学，英国）
首次出版时间：2017/5/9 ｜研究论文
Abstract
The temporary use of privately-owned, empty space has been advocated by some as economically sensible and socially progressive, making use of unproductive and empty spaces by providing access to space for those who are otherwise unable to obtain it. The article critically examines this concept, arguing that the temporary use of space should be analysed as part of the urban development process with its temporal and spatial fluctuations and its multivalent outcomes. It investigates the production of empty space and the temporary use of space as a space of opportunity and a flexible method of production. By drawing on the case of Chesterfield House in London, in the context of the British response to the global financial crisis, the temporary use of space is shown to be a moment in a complex process, offering some opportunities, but also revealing the brevity of this moment and the precarity of its users. Beyond the realm of necessity, it may be transformed into a cultural choice, a lubricant of urban development and a medium of social change, signifying a space of opportunity for some and vulnerability for others.
摘要
一些人认为，临时使用私人拥有的空置空间，通过利用无生产力的空白空间为那些流离失所的人提供空间，在经济层面是敏锐的，在社会层面是进步的。文章批判性地研究了这个概念，认为空间的临时使用应该作为城市发展过程的一部分进行分析，兼顾其时间和空间结果以及多价值结果。文章调查了空置空间的生产和作为机会空间和灵活生产方法的临时使用。通过借鉴伦敦切斯特菲尔德之家的案例，我们展示，在英国应对全球金融危机的背景下，空间的临时使用成为一个复杂过程中的重要时刻，提供了一些机会。同时本文也揭示了这一时刻的短暂以及用户的不稳定性。在必然性领域之外，空间的临时使用对一些人意味着机会，而对另一些人而言则揭示了脆弱，因此它可能变成一种文化选择、城市发展的润滑剂和社会变革的媒介。Keywords
flexibility, opportunity, precarity, spatial production, temporary urbanism关键词灵活性, 机遇, 不稳定, 空间生产, 临时都市主义
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0042098017705546
Temporary use in England’s core cities: Looking beyond the exceptional
英格兰核心城市的临时使用：超越特殊例子的观察
Michael Martin（奥尔堡大学，丹麦）
Stephen Hincks（谢菲尔德大学，英国）
Iain Deas（曼彻斯特大学，英国）
首次出版时间：2020/2/18 ｜研究论文
Abstract
This paper develops an understanding of the structural and spatial characteristics of regulated forms of temporary use across England’s core cities. The paper’s contribution lies in its adoption of an extensive research design that goes beyond the intensive qualitative approaches that predominate in the temporary use literature. We employ a novel data set of 5890 temporary use interventions that have been recorded over a 15-year period (2000–2015). Informed by the temporary use literature, we distinguish between ‘extraordinary’ (e.g. urban beaches) and ‘ordinary’ (e.g. car parks) forms of temporary use alongside other characteristics that include the time of occurrence, the function of space appropriated, decisions taken and whether instances were isolated or reoccurring. Logistic regression is used to test whether the odds that a temporary use was defined as ‘ordinary’ or ‘extraordinary’ increased or decreased owing to their underlying structural characteristics. The analysis revealed that applications for extraordinary temporary uses increased in the period following the 2007/2008 financial crisis but that ordinary forms of temporary uses remained much more common before and after the recession. It also revealed differences between ordinary and extraordinary uses in relation to the functions of the spaces appropriated and decisions taken by the planning authority in processing the application. Geospatial approaches were then applied to two case study cities – Bristol and Liverpool. The analysis revealed a tendency towards the clustering of temporary uses that was spatially and temporally uneven, with extraordinary uses in particular concentrated in the cores/downtowns of the two cities.
摘要
本文旨在解读各英格兰核心城市受监管的“临时使用”形式的结构和空间特征。本文的贡献在于采用了广泛的研究设计，超越了在临时使用文献中占主导地位的集中定性方法。我们采用了一个新的数据集，包含5890个临时使用干预措施，这些干预措施记录跨越了一个15年的时期（2000-2015年）。根据临时使用文献，我们区分临时使用的“特殊”（例如城市海滩）和“普通”（例如停车场）形式，并根据其他一些特征进行区分，包括发生时间、被拨用空间的功能、所做的决定以及相关实例是孤立的还是重复发生的。我们使用逻辑回归，测试由于其潜在结构特征，某个临时使用被定义为“普通”或“特殊”的几率是上升还是下降。分析显示，在2007/2008年金融危机之后，特殊临时使用的申请有所增加，但普通临时使用在经济衰退之前和之后仍然更加普遍。本文还揭示了普通使用和特殊使用之间在被拨用空间的功能和规划当局在处理申请时所作的决定方面的差异。随后，我们将地理空间方法应用于两个城市的案例研究，这两个城市是布里斯托尔和利物浦。分析显示，临时使用的聚集趋势在空间和时间上是不均衡的，特别是特殊使用集中在两个城市的核心/中心区。Keywords
built environment, land use, method, planning, redevelopment, regeneration, temporary urbanism, temporary use关键词
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0042098019898076
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