论文快递：第九十二期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第九十二期，将介绍Urban Studies的5篇online-first论文，主题涵盖日常城市流动中种族隔离的本质、近在咫尺的城市环境对人们瞬间幸福感的影响、LGBTQ+城市激进主义定位的研究推进、城市新绿地空间的特点与绅士化的关系，以及教育、邻里关系与中国老年人抑郁的关系，欢迎阅读。
01
From residence to movement: The nature of racial segregation in everyday urban mobility
从居住到流动：日常城市流动中种族隔离的本质
Jennifer Candipan（布朗大学、哈佛大学）
以及其他三位共同作者
首次出版时间：2021/2/10｜研究论文
Abstract
While research on racial segregation in cities has grown rapidly over the last several decades, its foundation remains the analysis of the neighbourhoods where people reside. However, contact between racial groups depends not merely on where people live, but also on where they travel over the course of everyday activities. To capture this reality, we propose a new measure of racial segregation – the segregated mobility index (SMI) – that captures the extent to which neighbourhoods of given racial compositions are connected to other types of neighbourhoods in equal measure. Based on hundreds of millions of geotagged tweets sent by over 375,000 Twitter users in the 50 largest US cities, we show that the SMI captures a distinct element of racial segregation, one that is related to, but not solely a function of, residential segregation. A city’s racial composition also matters; minority group threat, especially in cities with large Black populations and a troubled legacy of racial conflict, appears to depress movement across neighbourhoods in ways that produce previously undocumented forms of racial segregation. Our index, which could be constructed using other data sources, expands the possibilities for studying dynamic forms of racial segregation including their effects and shifts over time.
摘要
虽然过去几十年来对城市种族隔离的研究发展迅速，但其基础仍然是对人们居住的街区的分析。然而，种族群体之间的接触不仅取决于人们住在哪里，还取决于他们在日常活动中去哪些地方。为了捕捉这一现实，我们提出了一种新的种族隔离衡量标准—出行隔离指数 (SMI)，该指数衡量特定种族构成的街区与同等规模的其他类型街区之间的联系程度。基于美国50个最大城市的375,000多名推特用户发送的数亿条地理标签推特，我们表明，SMI能捕捉种族隔离的一个独特元素，该元素与居住隔离相关但不仅仅是居住隔离的函数。一个城市的种族构成也很重要；少数群体威胁（尤其是在黑人人口众多、种族冲突遗留问题重重的城市）似乎抑制了街区之间的流动，从而产生了此前未被文献提及过的种族隔离形式。我们的指数也可以用其他数据来源来构建，它扩展了研究动态形式种族隔离的可能性，包括它们的影响和随时间的推移而发生的变化。
Keywords
big data, inequality, migration, neighbourhood, race, segregation
关键词
大数据, 不平等, 移民, 街区, 种族, 隔离
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020978965
02
The impact of immediate urban environments on people’s momentary happiness
近在咫尺的城市环境对人们瞬间幸福感的影响
Lingling Su（中山大学）
以及其他四位共同作者
首次出版时间：2021/2/10｜研究论文
Abstract
The research interest of urban researchers and geographers in the relationship between urban environments and happiness has been increasing. Previous studies have mostly focused on people’s long-term overall wellbeing. However, there is limited evidence that momentary happiness is associated with immediate urban environments. This study provides new evidence on this issue. 144 participants living in Guangzhou, China, were asked to repeatedly self-report their momentary happiness through ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and the day reconstruction method (DRM). The microenvironment variables were captured by portable sensors, while the built environment variables were captured by associating the GPS response locations with objective spatial data. The results indicate that momentary happiness is influenced by immediate microenvironment variables and built environment characteristics including temperature, noise, PM2.5, population, POI density, POI types and street intersections. On the other hand, the use of different sizes of contextual units affects the results. The built environment in 100 m buffers and the microenvironment has higher explanatory power for momentary happiness recorded by EMA than the built environment in 500 m buffers. Similarly, the temporality of the contextual influences also affects the results. Urban environment features have higher explanatory power for real-time momentary happiness recorded by EMA than recalled momentary happiness recorded by DRM. These results also strongly corroborate the results of recent studies on the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP) and partly explain the inconsistency in the results of past research.
摘要
城市研究人员和地理学家对城市环境和幸福感之间关系的研究兴趣一直在增加。以前的研究大多集中在人们的长期整体幸福感上。然而，有限的证据表明短暂的幸福感与直接的城市环境有关。这项研究提供了这方面的新证据。144名生活在中国广州的参与者被要求通过生态瞬间评估 (EMA) 和日间重建法 (DRM) 反复自我报告他们的瞬间幸福感。微环境变量由便携式传感器捕捉，而建筑环境变量则通过将全球定位系统响应位置与客观空间数据相关联来捕获。结果表明，瞬间幸福感受即时微环境变量和建筑环境特征的影响，包括温度、噪声、PM2.5、人口、兴趣点密度、兴趣点类型和街道交叉口。另一方面，使用不同的环境单位尺度会影响结果。100米缓冲区的建筑环境和微环境对EMA记录的瞬间幸福感的解释力高于500米缓冲区的建筑环境。同样，环境影响的暂时性也会影响结果。城市环境特征对EMA记录的实时瞬间幸福感的解释力高于DRM记录的回忆瞬间幸福感。这些结果也有力地证实了最近关于不确定地理环境问题 (UGCoP) 的研究结果，并部分解释了过去研究结果的不一致性。
Keywords
China, day reconstruction method, ecological momentary assessment, momentary happiness, urban environments
关键词
中国, 日内重建法, 生态瞬间评估, 瞬间幸福感, 城市环境
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020986499
03
People, protest and place: Advancing research on the emplacement of LGBTQ+ urban activisms
人们、抗争与场所：推进关于LGBTQ+城市激进主义定位的研究
Amin Ghaziani（加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学）
首次出版时间：2021/2/10 | 研究论文
Abstract
There is a vibrant literature on LGBTQ+ urban geographies, as well as established traditions in sociology and political science on collective action, but research infrequently brings these interdisciplinary fields of sexualities, social movements and urban studies together to explore the emplacement of LGBTQ+ urban activisms. In this article, I use contributions from this special issue of Urban Studies to propose two pathways, conceptualised as analytic shifts, that can advance the field: (1) scalar shifts (modulating from a national and structural focus of mobilisation to local, grounded and quotidian acts and interactions between activists); and (2) spatial shifts (using conventional and queer methods to study spatial plurality and the commensurability of places where people protest). Together, these proposals form an integrative framework for the study of LGBTQ+ urban protest and placemaking.
摘要
有大量关于男女同性恋、双性恋、变性人、酷儿群体 (LGBTQ+) 城市地理，以及关于集体行动的社会学和政治学既定传统的文献，但研究很少将这些性科学、社会运动和城市研究的跨学科领域结合在一起，以探索LGBTQ+城市激进主义的定位。在本文中，我利用本期《城市研究》的文章提出了两条被概念化为分析转移的途径，可以推进这一领域：（1）标量转移（从动员的国家和结构焦点调整到地方、基础和日常行为以及激进主义者之间的互动）；和（2）空间转移（使用传统和另类的方法来研究空间多元化和人们抗议的地方的可公度性）。这些建议共同构成了一个研究LGBTQ+城市抗议和地方营造的综合框架。
Keywords
activism, cities, gaybourhoods, LGBTQ+, placemaking, queer methods, social movements
关键词
激进主义, 城市, 同性恋村, 男女同性恋, 双性恋, 变性人, 酷儿群体 (LGBTQ+), 地方营造, 另类方法, 社会运动
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020986064
04
Do the characteristics of new green space contribute to gentrification?
新绿地的特点有助于绅士化吗？
Seung Kyum Kim（香港大学）
Longfeng Wu（哈佛大学）
首次出版时间：2021/2/11｜研究论文
Abstract
A number of recent studies have examined the socioeconomic functions and side effects of environmental amenity in urban development. In this study, an urban green space is viewed as both a positive and negative environmental externality because it could be a potential contributor to gentrification. Employing the difference-in-differences method at the public use microdata areas and census-tract level, this study examines the effects of new green space characteristics on multiple gentrification indicators in New York City. Unlike previous studies, we examine the causal inference of multiple green space types and characteristics on gentrification indicators jointly, estimating a relatively short- and mid-term gentrification effect in a homogeneous institutional and geographical setting. The empirical results indicate that newly added green spaces potentially foster gentrification, influencing the replacement of the poor with wealthier inhabitants; more importantly, the gentrification effects differ depending on the type and characteristics of green spaces. A strong green gentrification effect has been observed in passive, natural and medium-sized green spaces. Taking these short-term and local-level gentrification effects of green space characteristics into consideration allows for more inclusive development and equitable outcomes.
摘要
最近的一些研究考察了城市发展中环境便利设施的社会经济功能和副作用。在本研究中，城市绿地被视为同时具有正的和负的环境外部性，因为它可能是绅士化的潜在贡献者。本研究在公共使用微观数据区和普查区层面采用双重差分法，考察了纽约市新绿地特征对多个绅士化指标的影响。与以前的研究不同，我们考察了多种绿地类型和特征对绅士化指标的共同影响，估计了在同质的制度和地理环境中相对短期和中期的绅士化效应。实证研究结果表明，新增加的绿地有可能促进绅士化，影响较富裕居民对穷人的取代；更重要的是，绅士化的影响因绿地的类型和特征而异。在被动的、自然的和中等大小的绿地中观察到了强烈的绿色绅士化效应。考虑绿地特征的这些短期和地方性绅士化效应，可以实现更具包容性的发展和公平的结果。
Keywords
difference-in-differences, gentrification, housing price, poverty, urban green space
关键词
双重差分, 绅士化, 房价, 贫困, 城市绿地空间
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021989951
05
Education, neighbourhood context and depression of elderly Chinese
教育、邻里关系与中国老年人的抑郁
Yuanfei Li（美国纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼大学）
Dandan Zhao（美国纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼大学）
首次出版时间：2021/2/14｜研究论文
Abstract
Research on depression among older adults has begun to take a contextual approach. This study advances scholarship by examining the relevance of education and neighbourhood context for individual depression in China. Using data from the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2011), a nationally representative survey of Chinese aged 45 years or older, results of multilevel linear models show that the negative association between education and depression goes beyond individuals and extends to the neighbourhood level, although great variations exist across neighbourhoods. The individual education–depression relationship is more pronounced in disadvantaged neighbourhoods characterised by low incomes. Older adults living in rural neighbourhoods fare much worse with more depressive symptoms than their urban counterparts. While larger proportions of adults with a high-school education or higher are related to better mental health among the elderly in rural villages, it is not the case in urban communities. Promoting education in the general population, especially in rural and disadvantaged areas, may prove mentally beneficial to the aging residents.
摘要
对老年人抑郁症的研究已经开始采取一种联系实际环境的方法。本研究通过考察教育和社区环境对中国个体抑郁症的相关性来推进这方面的研究。利用2011年中国健康与养老追踪调查 (CHARLS 2011)（一项针对45岁以上中国人的全国性代表调查）的数据，多水平线性模型的结果显示，教育与抑郁症之间的负相关超越了个体，延伸到社区水平，尽管社区之间存在很大差异。在以低收入为特征的贫困社区，个人教育与抑郁症之间的关系更为明显。生活在农村地区的老年人比城市中的老年人的抑郁症状要严重得多。在农村老年人群体中，受过高中以上教育的成年人的比例越高，群体的心理健康状况就越好，但城市社区的情况并非如此。在普通人群中，特别是在农村和贫困地区促进教育，可能会对老年居民的精神健康有利。
Keywords
depression, individual education, neighbourhood education, older adults, rural–urban differences
关键词
抑郁症, 个人教育, 社区教育, 老年人, 城乡差异
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021989948
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