论文快递：第一百零五期
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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百零五期，将介绍Urban Studies online first的5篇论文。主题涵盖COVID-19与城市密度，全球南方城市健康和风险的人口驱动因素，城市大数据与政治经济权利，城市大数据特刊的介绍，城际交通基础设施对城市住房市场的再分配效应，欢迎阅读。
01
Repopulating density: COVID-19 and the politics of urban value
重组人口密度：COVID-19 和城市价值政治
Abstract
How might concepts of ‘value’ and ‘population’ illuminate the present and future of urban density? The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a public debate on density in the city. While some initially blamed density for the spread of the virus, others rightly cautioned against those claims. As the pandemic progressed, an imaginary of density-as-pathology gave way to a more nuanced geographical understanding of the urban dimensions of the crisis, focused on connections, spatial conditions, domestic ‘overcrowding’ and poverty. Throughout, an interrogation and reflection on urban density and its future unfolded, throwing into question the historical relationship between ‘value’ and ‘population’ in understandings of density. I argue for a new politics of value based on shifts in three interconnected domains – governance, form and knowledge – and identify implications for research on density in urban studies.
摘要“价值”和“人口”的概念对于城市密度的现在和未来而言有何意义呢？新冠肺炎大流行引发了关于城市人口密度的公开辩论。虽然有些人最初将病毒的传播归咎于密度，但也有人正确地对这类说法提出了警告。随着疫情的发展，那种“密度即病理”的想法让位于在城市层面对这次危机的更细致入微的地理认知，这种认知强调联系、空间条件、家庭“过度拥挤”和贫困等因素。贯穿始终的是，本文对城市密度及其未来进行了追问和反思，并对“价值”和“人口”在密度理解方面的历史关系提出了质疑。我主张基于三个相互关联领域（治理、形式和知识）转变的新价值政治，并确定了城市研究中密度研究的意义。
Keywords COVID-19, density, overcrowding, population, value
关键词新冠肺炎, 密度, 拥挤, 人口, 价值
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211014810
02
Beyond growth and density: Recentring the demographic drivers of urban health and risk in the global south
超越增长和密度：重新审视全球南方城市健康和风险的人口驱动因素
AbstractDebates within urban studies concerning the relationship between urbanisation and infectious disease focus on issues of urban population growth, density, migration and connectivity. However, an effective long-term risk and wellbeing agenda, without which the threat of future pandemics cannot be mitigated, must also take account of demographic forces and changes as critical drivers of transmission and mortality risk within and beyond cities. A better understanding of the dynamics of fertility, mortality and changing age structures – key determinants of urban decline/growth in addition to migration – provides the foundation upon which healthier cities and a healthy global urban system can be developed. The study of how basic demographic attributes and trends are distributed in space and how they interact with risks, including those of infectious disease, must be incorporated as a priority into a post-COVID-19 urban public health agenda. This perspective concurs with recent debates in urban studies emphasising the demographic drivers of urban change. Moreover, it raises critical questions about the microbial and environmental emphasis of much research on the interface of urban health and governance.
摘要 城市研究中关于城市化和传染病之间关系的争论集中在城市人口增长、密度、迁移和连通性等问题上。然而，一个有效的长期风险和福祉议程（如果没有这样的议程，未来流行病的威胁就无法减轻）还必须考虑人口因素及其变化，因为它们是城市内部以及跨城市传播和死亡风险的关键驱动因素。更好地理解生育率、死亡率和不断变化的年龄结构的动态（除了移民以外，这些是城市衰落/增长的关键决定因素）能为发展更健康的城市和全球城市体系奠定基础。必须将基本人口属性和趋势的空间分布、以及它们与包括传染病在内的各种风险之间的相互作用的研究作为优先事项纳入后新冠肺炎时代的城市公共卫生议程。这一观点与最近城市研究中强调城市变化的人口驱动因素的主张一致。此外，本文还提出了许多关于城市健康与治理方面的、与许多研究的微生物和环境重点相关的关键问题。
Keywords COVID-19, family planning, global south, urban demography, urban health
关键词 新冠肺炎, 计划生育, 全球南方, 城市人口, 城市健康
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211014410
03
The taming of chaos: Optimal cities and the state of the art in urban systems research
混乱的驯服：最优城市和城市系统研究的最新进展
AbstractWhat can urban big data research tell us about cities? While studying cities as complex systems offers a new perspective on urban dynamics, we should dig deeper into the epistemological claims made by these studies and ask what it means to distance the urban researcher from the city. Big data research has the tendency to flatten our perspective: it shows us technology users and their interactions with digital systems but does so often at the expense of the informal and irregular aspects of city life. It also presents us with the city as optimisable system, offering up the chance to engineer it for particular forms of efficiency or productivity. Both optimisation itself, and the process of ordering of the city for optimisation, confer political and economic power and produce a hierarchy of interests. This commentary advocates that researchers connect systems research to questions of structure and power. To do this requires a critical approach to what is missing, what is implied by the choices about which data to collect and how to make them available, and an understanding of the ontologies that shape both the data sets and the urban spaces they describe.
摘要 关于城市，城市大数据研究能告诉我们一些什么呢？虽然将城市作为复杂系统进行研究为城市动力学提供了一个新的视角，但我们应更深入地挖掘这些研究提出的认识论主张，并追问“让城市研究者与城市保持距离”意味着什么。大数据研究倾向于使我们的视角扁平化：它向我们展示了技术用户及其与数字系统的互动，但这样做往往是以忽略城市生活的非正规和不规则方面为代价的。它还向我们展示了作为一个可优化系统的城市，提供了为特定形式的效率或生产力而改造城市的机会。无论是优化本身，还是为了优化而对城市进行安排的过程，都赋予了政治和经济权力，并产生了利益等级。本评论主张研究者将系统研究与结构和权力问题联系起来。要做到这一点，需要一个关键的方法来理解存在哪些缺失，选择收集哪些数据以及如何提供数据意味着什么，以及塑造数据集及其所描述的城市空间的本体论。
Keywords big data, urban systems research, mobile phones, transport, optimisation
关键词
大数据, 城市系统研究, 手机, 交通, 优化
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211012838
04
Big Data in the city
城市中的大数据
Abstract
This editorial introduces a Special Issue on Big Data in the City. Collectively, six research articles and two commentaries explore the roles that Big Data can and might play in enhancing our understanding of urban processes and the qualities of urban outcomes. Big Data may be intrinsically considered a neutral technology but – refracted through existing power structures and resource distributions – its application within cities is by no means guaranteed always to help in the amelioration of social injustices or in the promotion of urban well-being. In application, Big Data becomes a performative technology that can be, is and will be further used in the creation and regulation of the cities of this century, a process that will be messy and of mixed consequence. The task for urban studies research is to shape that performativity, and to challenge any tendency that emerges to the further entrenchment of social inequities. In pursuit of these aims, and sensitively deployed, Big Data can be cast as part of the route map to better urban futures.
摘要这篇社论介绍一期关于城市大数据的特刊。六篇研究文章和两篇评论共同探讨大数据在加强我们对城市过程和城市成果特征的理解方面可以和可能发挥的作用。大数据在本质上可以被认为是一种中性技术，但通过现有的权力结构和资源分配折射出来的是，无法保证它在城市中的应用总是有助于改善社会不公正或促进城市福祉。在应用中，大数据成为一种可操演技术，可以、正在、并将进一步用于本世纪城市的创建和管理，这一过程将是混乱的，后果也是复杂的。城市研究的任务是塑造这种可操演性，并挑战任何进一步强化社会不平等的趋势。在追求这些目标的过程中，通过精心的部署，大数据可以成为通往更美好城市未来的路线图的一部分。
KeywordsBig Data, critical perspectives, performativity, urban condition, well-being
关键词大数据, 关键视角, 可操演性, 城市环境, 福祉
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211014124
05
Inter-city transport infrastructure and intra-city housing markets: Estimating the redistribution effect of high-speed rail in Shenzhen, China
城际交通基础设施与内城住房市场：估算中国深圳高铁的再分配效应
AbstractThis study analyses the changes in intra-city housing values in response to improved inter-city connection brought by high-speed rail (HSR), using the opening of the Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen Passenger Dedicated Line (HFSL) in Shenzhen, China, as an example. The opening of the HFSL and its integration into the local metro network at Shenzhen North Station provide exogenous intra-city variations in access to the surrounding economic mass. With a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the HFSL showed a negative local effect as housing values declined by 11.5%–13.3% in the proximity of Shenzhen North Station relative to areas further from the station after the opening, possibly due to the negative externalities of the HFSL. The HFSL effect can spread along the metro network and lead to, on average, a 7% appreciation of housing values around metro stations (network effect). The direction and strength of the network effect vary by metro travel time between Shenzhen North Station and metro stations. Housing values decreased by 7.7% around metro stations within 5–15 minutes of metro travel time but increased by 63.6%, 16.6% and 29.2% around metro stations within 15–25, 25–35 and 35–45 minutes of metro travel time to Shenzhen North Station, respectively. The HFSL effect on housing values diminishes when the rail travel time is above 45 minutes. We interpret these findings as evidence of the redistribution effect in the city related to HSR connection.
摘要
本研究以中国深圳杭福深客运专线的开通为例，分析了高铁带来的城市间联系的改善对城市房价的影响。杭福深客运专线的开通及其在深圳北站与深圳地铁网络的接驳，为进入周边经济区带来了外生的城市内部差异。我们采用双重差分方法发现，杭福深客运专线带来了一种本地副效应，因为在该专线开通后，与距离深圳北该站更远的地区相比，深圳北站附近的房价可能因杭福深客运专线的负外部性下降了11.5%-13.3%。杭福深客运专线效应可能顺着地铁网络延伸，导致地铁站附近的房价平均升值7%（网络效应）。网络效应的方向和强度因深圳北站与相关地铁站之间的地铁出行时间而异。距离深圳北站地铁出行时间为5-15分钟的地铁站附近的房价下降了7.7%，但距离深圳北站的地铁出行时间为15-25分钟、25-35分钟和35-45分钟的地铁站附近的房价分别上升了63.6%、16.6%和29.2%。当距离深圳北站的地铁出行时间超过45分钟时，杭福深客运专线对房价的影响逐渐变小。我们将这些发现解释为与杭福深客运专线相关的城市再分配效应的证据。
KeywordsChina, high-speed rail, intra-city housing values, network effect
关键词中国, 高铁, 城市房价, 网络效应
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211017811
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