论文快递：第一百零七期
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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百零七期，将介绍Urban Studies 的1篇论文以及Urban Studies online first的4篇论文。主题涵盖住宅多样性与多元化社交互动机会的关联，疫情期间居住在狭小住宅的日常生活变化，新冠疫情对城市与大都市区的经济地理影响，开罗的声音基础设施与男子气概，大衰退中的移民与经济弹性，欢迎阅读。
01
The contingency of neighbourhood diversity: Variation of social context using mobile phone application data
邻里多元化的偶然性：利用手机应用数据分析社会环境变化
Abstract
This research uses high-density anonymised mobile phone application (MPA) global-positioning system (GPS) data to describe exposure to racial diversity in different social contexts with an aim to clarify the mechanism linking residential diversity to opportunities for diverse social interactions. In particular, it explores the hypothesis that a diverse residential context does not lead to diverse social contact by comparing three exposure measures – residential, observed and interaction – on the census block group level in Chicago. In doing so, it also explores the contribution of activity spaces to opportunities for diverse social contact. The findings show that the exposure to opportunities for diverse social contact measured by MPA data is generally higher than what is implied by residential census data, especially in areas of high residential segregation in the city. Further, measures using MPA data reveal more spatiotemporal heterogeneity of exposure than that implied by the residential context.
摘要本研究使用高密度匿名手机应用 (MPA) 全球定位系统 (GPS) 数据来描述不同社会背景下的种族多元化，旨在阐明将住宅多样性与多元化社交互动机会联系起来的机制。具体而言，通过比较芝加哥人口普查区组层面的三个接触指标（居住、观察和互动），我们探讨多元化居住环境不会导致多元化社交接触的假设。在此过程中，我们还探讨了活动空间对多元化社交接触机会的贡献。调查结果显示，使用MPA数据测量的多元化社交机会水平通常高于住宅普查数据所暗示的水平，特别是在城市中存在高度住宅隔离的地区。此外，与居住环境所暗示的相比，MPA数据测量表明的多元化社交机会显示出更多的时空异质性。
Keywords big data, GPS data, neighbourhood diversity, racial segregation, social interaction
关键词大数据, 全球定位系统数据, 邻里多元化, 种族隔离, 社交互动
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211019637
02
Urban rhythms in a small home: COVID-19 as a mechanism of exception
狭小住宅里的城市节奏：COVID-19 作为一种例外机制
AbstractThe amount of living space we have access to is one manifestation of the unequal distribution of housing resources within societies. The COVID-19 pandemic has required most households to spend more time at home, unmasking inequalities and reigniting longstanding debates about the functionality and experience of smaller homes. Drawing on interviews across three UK cities, this article attends to the changing household routines of individuals living in different types of small home, exploring daily life before and during ‘lockdown’. Using the concept of urban rhythms, the data show that the lockdown has intensified existing pressures of living in a smaller home – lack of space for different functions and household members – whilst constraining coping strategies, like spending time outside the home. Lockdown restrictions governing mobility and contact acted as a mechanism of exception, disrupting habitual patterns of life and sociability, and forcing people to spend more time in smaller homes that struggled to accommodate different functions, affecting home atmospheres. For some, the loss of normal strategies was so significant that they sought to challenge the new rules governing daily life to protect their wellbeing.
摘要 我们所能获得的居住空间的大小是社会内部住房资源分配不平等的一种表现。新冠肺炎大流行迫使大多数家庭花更多时间呆在家里，这凸显了住房不平等问题，并重新点燃了关于狭小住宅的功能和体验方面的长期争论。基于在英国三个城市开展的访谈，本文关注生活在不同类型的狭小住宅里的个人不断变化的常规，探讨了“封锁”之前和封锁期间的日常生活。利用城市节奏的概念，我们的数据显示封锁加剧了居住在狭小住宅（缺乏足够的空间满足不同功能和不同家庭成员的需要）中的个人的既有压力，同时限制了应对策略（如在户外度过时间）的应用。限制行动和联系的封锁措施形成了一种例外机制，扰乱了习惯性的生活和社交模式，迫使人们在各类功能捉襟见肘的狭小住宅内度过更多时间，家庭氛围也因此受影响。对一些人来说，无法执行通常策略所带来的损失是如此巨大，以至于他们试图挑战新的日常生活管理规则以保护自己的福祉。
Keywords housing, inequality, neighbourhood, small homes, urban rhythms
关键词 住房, 不平等, 邻里, 狭小住宅, 城市节奏
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211018136
03
Cities in a post-COVID world
后新冠疫情世界中的城市
AbstractThis paper examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related economic, fiscal, social and political fallout on cities and metropolitan regions. We assess the effect of the pandemic on urban economic geography at the intra- and inter-regional geographic scales in the context of four main forces: the social scarring instilled by the pandemic; the lockdown as a forced experiment; the need to secure the urban built environment against future risks; and changes in the urban form and system. At the macrogeographic scale, we argue the pandemic is unlikely to significantly alter the winner-take-all economic geography and spatial inequality of the global city system. At the microgeographic scale, however, we suggest that it may bring about a series of short-term and some longer-running social changes in the structure and morphology of cities, suburbs and metropolitan regions. The durability and extent of these changes will depend on the timeline and length of the pandemic.
摘要 本文研究新冠肺炎大流行的影响及其对城市和大都市地区造成的相关经济、财政、社会和政治后果。我们在四种主要力量的背景下，在区域内和区域间地理规模上评估大流行对城市经济地理的影响。这四种力量为：大流行造成的社会创伤；作为一种强迫实验的封锁；确保城市建筑环境免遭未来风险之害的必要性；以及城市形态和系统的变化。在宏观地理规模上，我们认为大流行不太可能显著改变赢家通吃的经济地理和全球城市体系的空间不平等。然而，在微观地理规模上，我们认为它可能会给城市、郊区和大都市地区的结构和形态带来一系列短期的、以及某些长期的社会变化。这些变化的持久性和程度将取决于大流行的时间表和长度。
Keywords cities, COVID-19, pandemic, remote work, urban structure
关键词
城市, 新冠肺炎, 大流行, 远程工作, 城市结构
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211018072
04
Making and unmaking masculinities in Cairo through sonic infrastructural violence
在开罗通过声音基础设施暴力来塑造和瓦解男子气概
Abstract
This article explores the Egyptian state’s production of desired manhood and destruction of unwanted masculinities in relation to home and displacement through audio-focused analysis and a focus on sonic infrastructures. While sonic infrastructures can be used as a form of political control and violence, my work in Egypt also shows how people, through sound and sonic resistance, navigate and shape sonic landscapes of insecurity, violence and liminality, as well as resisting displacement and claiming space. In Cairo, where political unrest over the past decade has produced new imaginaries and maps of belonging, men opposing the politics of the current regime have been expelled by the state from their own city; deprived of rights, safety, status and dignity. The institutions of state power employ sound as a political representation, and control, monitor, limit as well as threaten the population through the sonic. All of these sound systems operate at auditory, corporeal and sociocultural frequencies. There are countless examples of how materialised sonic experiences are consciously constructed and used by the autocratic military regime in Egypt to discipline and ‘produce’ its subjects, through for example forbidding particular music; monitoring its residents and thereby employing control by listening; using unbearable loud sounds during torture; or closing downtown bars, cafes and bookshops and thereby sonically controlling and limiting parts of the cityscape of Cairo. These sonic materialised experiences are connected to how gendered bodies are excluded, un/remade, produced, expressed and negotiated.
摘要本文通过以音频为中心的分析和对声音基础设施的关注，探讨埃及政府如何在住宅与驱逐方面制造自己想要的男子气概，并破坏自己不想要的男子气概。虽然声音基础设施可以被用作一种政治控制和暴力的形式，但我在埃及的工作也揭示了人们如何通过声音和有声的抵抗利用和塑造不安全、暴力和阙限的声音环境，以及抵抗驱逐和主张空间权利。在开罗，过去十年的政治动荡产生了新的想象和归属地图，反对现政权的男人们被国家驱逐出自己的城市；并且被剥夺了权利、安全、地位和尊严。国家权力机构使用声音作为政治表述的手段，通过声音控制、监督、限制以及威胁人民。所有这些声音系统都以听觉、身体和社会文化频率运行。无数的例子表明，埃及的独裁军事政权如何有意识地构建和使用物质化的声音体验来驯化和“生产”其顺民（例如通过禁止特定的音乐）；监控其居民，从而通过监听来实施控制；使用令人难以忍受的高音作为酷刑；或者关闭市中心的酒吧、咖啡馆和书店，从而在声音方面控制和限制开罗的部分城市景观。这些声音物质化的体验与性别化的身体被排斥、取消、改造、表达和协商有关。
Keywordsdisplacement, gender, infrastructure, politics, sound, violence
关键词驱逐, 性别, 基础设施, 政治, 声音, 暴力
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211020963
05
Immigration and economic resilience in the Great Recession
大衰退中的移民和经济弹性
AbstractThe 2007–2009 financial crisis has caused economic disruption in many US cities and has drawn considerable academic attention. Despite abundant evidence of immigrants’ economic and social value to urban areas, little research has examined the relationship between immigration and resilience. This article investigates whether immigration enhanced economic resilience to the Great Recession for metropolitan areas in the US. It uses ordinary least squares and instrumental variable regressions to test the immigration effects between 2007 and 2014. The findings indicate that immigration leads to employment and income resilience. On average, metropolitan areas with a larger immigrant population tended to better preserve their growth paths during the Great Recession and to experience greater levels of employment and per capita income growth following the recession.
摘要
2007年至2009年的金融危机在美国许多城市造成了经济扰乱，并引起了学术界的极大关注。尽管有大量证据表明移民对城市地区具有经济和社会价值，但很少有研究考察移民和复原力之间的关系。本文研究移民是否增强了美国大都市地区在经历大衰退时的经济复原力。我们使用普通最小二乘法和工具变量回归来检验2007年至2014年间的移民效应。研究结果表明，移民能提高就业和收入复原力。平均而言，在大衰退期间，移民人口较多的大都市地区往往更好地保留了其增长路径，并在衰退后经历了更高水平的就业和人均收入增长。
Keywordseconomic development, economic shock, Great Recession, immigration, resilience
关键词经济发展, 经济冲击, 大衰退, 移民, 复原力
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020925407
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