论文快递：第一百二十八期
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百二十八期，将介绍Urban Studies Current Issue的5篇论文。主题包括城市移民和难民团结，门控社区对于街区的影响，高层生活中的民族融合，电力基础设施和城市治理，住房危机和住房正义，欢迎阅读。
01
Urban migrant and refugee solidarity beyond city limits
超越城市界限的城市移民和难民团结
Abstract
Cities known around the world as sanctuary, solidarity or refuge cities are resisting restrictive national migration and refugee policies and are seeking ways to accommodate migrants and refugees who lack support from the nation state. In this paper I examine urban solidarity approaches in Berlin and Freiburg in Germany, and Zurich in Switzerland. Interviews with key informants reveal that urban solidarity in these cities is not limited to including migrants and refugees living within the city’s boundaries. Rather, urban solidarity reaches beyond municipal boundaries to connect different places and scales in the form of inter-urban solidarity networks and initiatives that aim to enable migrants and refugees who are still abroad to arrive in the city. The complex geographies of urban migrant and refugee solidarity reach far beyond city limits.
Keywords Germany, migrants, refugees, solidarity, solidarity cities, Switzerland
关键词德国, 移民, 难民, 团结, 团结城市, 瑞士
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020976308
02
Between walls and fences: How different types of gated communities shape the streets around them
在围墙和栅栏之间：不同类型的门控社区如何塑造周围的街道
Abstract
Gated communities in Latin American cities have become the new normal. The streets bordered by fences, walls and the occasional gate, formed when two or more gated communities face each other, dominate the urban landscape today. Taking Bogotá with its 3500 gated communities as my case study, I create a novel typology focusing on the gated community’s spatial dimension, not portraying it as an isolated island but as an integral part of the urban realm. Using an empirically grounded typology formation process, I present five distinctive types of gated communities in Bogotá, varying widely in how they shape the surrounding public spaces. Some types have significant expected negative effects on activity and security in the adjacent streets and others hardly any. I show how future gated community research and policymaking would benefit from disaggregation of the concept and present some policy strategies to mitigate negative external effects of gated communities.
摘要
在拉丁美洲城市，门控社区已经成为新常态。街道的两侧遍布栅栏、墙壁和偶尔出现的大门，两个或多个门控社区相向而立，这是如今占主导地位的城市景观。以波哥大及其3,500个门控社区为例，我创建了一个关注门控社区空间维度的新类型学，不是将其描绘成一个孤岛，而是城市领域的一个组成部分。我使用一个基于经验的类型学形成过程，将波哥大的门控社区分为五种不同的类型，在对周边公共空间的影响方面，它们有很大的不同。一些类型对邻近街道的活动和安全有显著的预期负面效应，而其他类型几乎没有这种影响。我说明了这种对概念的分解将给未来关于门控社区的研究和政策制定带来的益处，并提出了一些政策策略来消减门控社区的负面外部效应。
Keywords Colombia, gated communities, public space, segregation, typology
关键词 哥伦比亚, 门控社区, 公共空间, 隔离, 类型学
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020984320
03
Residential coexistence: Anonymity, etiquette and proximity in high-rise living
居住共存：高层生活中的匿名、礼仪和邻近性
Abstract
This paper offers a new perspective on everyday life in an ethno-nationally mixed vertical urban setting. It focuses on the cultivation of a shared residential identity that, seemingly, can overcome the binational divide. Drawing on interviews with Jewish and Arab residents in a new middle-class high-rise complex (HRC) in Haifa, Israel, we illustrate that Arabs and Jews share many reasons for living in the HRC, reflecting similarities between these populations that are often ignored. Moreover, the physical form of the complex – including its newness and its modern, universal design – makes it a relatively neutral space free from a particular ethno-national or religious identity. Finally, while the relevant literature largely assumes that ‘anonymity’ in high-rises is a negative force, the sense of privacy it affords allows residents to manage social proximity and cultivate a philosophy of ‘live and let live’.
摘要 本文提供了一个新的视角，审视在一个民族混合的高层建筑城市环境中的日常生活。我们强调培养一种共同的居民身份，这种身份似乎可以克服两个民族之间的纷争。通过对以色列海法一个新的中产阶级高层综合体中的犹太和阿拉伯居民的采访，我们展示阿拉伯人和犹太人居住在该高层综合体中的许多共同原因，反映了这些人群之间经常被忽视的相同之处。此外，综合体形式——包括其新颖和现代的通用设计——使其成为了一个相对中立的空间，没有特定的民族或宗教身份。最后，虽然相关文献大体上都假设综合体中的“匿名”是一种消极的力量，但它提供的隐私感使居民能面对社会邻近性，并培养“自己活，也让别人活”的理念。
Keywords built environment, class, cohesion, diversity, everyday life, high rise, neighbourhood, planning, segregation
关键词
建筑环境, 阶级, 凝聚力, 多元化, 日常生活, 高层建筑, 街区, 规划, 隔离
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020975967
04
The smart grid as a security device: Electricity infrastructure and urban governance in Kingston and Rio de Janeiro
作为安全设备的智能电网：金斯敦和里约热内卢的电力基础设施和城市治理
Abstract
This article aims to contribute to recent debates on the politics of smart grids by exploring their installation in low-income areas in Kingston (Jamaica) and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). To date, much of this debate has focused on forms of smart city experiments, mostly in the Global North, while less attention has been given to the implementation of smart grids in cities characterised by high levels of urban insecurity and socio-spatial inequality. This article illustrates how, in both contexts, the installation of smart metering is used as a security device that embeds the promise of protecting infrastructure and revenue and navigating complex relations framed along lines of socio-economic inequalities and urban sovereignty – here linked to configurations of state and non-state (criminal) territorial control and power. By unpacking the political workings of the smart grid within changing urban security contexts, including not only the rationalities that support its use but also the forms of resistance, contestation and socio-technical failure that emerge, the article argues for the importance of examining the conjunction between urban and infrastructural governance, including the reshaping of local power relations and spatial inequalities, through globally circulating devices.
Keywordscrime/social order, governance, informality, infrastructure, smart grid, technology/smart cities, urban studies
关键词
犯罪/社会秩序, 治理, 非正规性, 基础设施, 智能电网, 技术/智慧城市, 城市研究
05
From housing crisis to housing justice: Towards a radical right to a home
从住房危机到住房正义：迈向激进的住房权
Abstract
Amidst a protracted housing crisis that has affected major cities in Europe and beyond, vibrant social movements for housing justice are trying to challenge the notion that housing is a commodity, with transformative demands framing housing as a fundamental human right. This paper explores the ways housing movements in Dublin use direct and confrontational approaches as political action. Previous literature has examined the emergence of new housing movements as a direct consequence of the economic and social challenges that arose as a result of the economic downturn and neoliberal austerity policies. However, there is, as yet, little that addresses the ways autonomous housing groups engage in non-violent direct action and the challenges they face in trying not just to promote a radical change of policy but also in carrying out practical prefigurative action. As such, the findings in this study provide insights into how emerging direct-action-oriented housing groups fight for housing justice.
在一场影响欧洲及世界其他地方大城市的长期住房危机中，活跃的住房正义社会运动正试图挑战“住房是一种商品”的概念，变革要求将住房视为一项基本人权。本文探讨了都柏林的住房运动如何使用直接和对抗性的方法作为政治行动。以前的文献研究了新住房运动的出现，认为这是经济衰退和新自由主义紧缩政策带来的经济和社会挑战的直接后果。然而，到目前为止，关于自治住房团体参与非暴力直接行动的方式以及它们面临的挑战（它们不仅努力促进政策的彻底改变，而且开展实际的预先行动）方面，几乎没有什么论述。因此，本研究的结论为新兴的、以直接行动为导向的住房组织如何争取住房正义提供了见解。
Keywordshousing, politics, social justice
关键词住房, 政治, 社会正义
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021995128
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