怎样科学地研究“意识”?这里为你梳理了一条探索路径
意识是一个十分重要而复杂的问题,近年来,意识科学和意识心理学取得了许多重要的实质性研究成果。本文通过研究裂脑人实验、自由意志等实验,带你入门并展望这一研究领域。
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什么是意识科学
有关意识的研究可以分为三个层面:形而上学层面、现象学层面、以及实证科学层面。
形而上学:关注意识的解释性问题(Why),主要由心灵哲学进行探讨;
现象学:关注的意识的描述性问题(What),主要由现象学、语言学、主观体验描述进行探讨;
实证科学:主要关注意识的功能性问题(How),即意识科学在综合形而上框架和现象学界定基础上,结合不同研究方法进行实验,通过脑神经科学、认知心理学、生物学、物理学、信息论、复杂系统科学等实证科学进行探讨。
论文题目: What is consciousness, and could machines have it? 论文地址: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6362/486
C2:自我监控 (Self-monitoring),反身表征自我,包括元认知、信念推理、误差检测、元记忆和现实监控等
综述
裂脑人实验
论文题目: Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man 论文地址: https://www.pnas.org/content/48/10/1765
论文题目: The split-brain: Rooting consciousness in biology 论文地址: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122878
论文题目:
Split brain: divided perception but undivided consciousness.
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122878
论文题目:Functional split brain in a driving/listening paradigm论文地址:https://www.pnas.org/content/113/50/14444
病人H.M. 、
遗忘症与情节记忆
意识的统一性在另外的研究中也受到了微妙的挑战,例如内侧颞叶的精神外科损伤治疗,这是为了减轻顽固性癫痫的一种方法。其中最著名的例子就是对 Henry Moliason,即简称 H.M. 病人的治疗。1953年,在包括中间颞叶在内的双侧海马都被切除后,H.M. 治愈了癫痫,但留下了严重的顺行性遗忘以及逆行遗忘症。
论文题目:
LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS
论文地址:
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/20/1/11
论文题目:
Permanent present tense: The unforgettable life of the amnesic patient, H. M.
论文地址:
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-15290-000
自由意志实验
在这方面,Benjamin Libet 在20世纪80年代做了一系列直到今天仍富有争议、并持续激发新研究的实验。在研究中为了测出志愿者从意识到决定到行动的神经活动时间,他设计了一个非常简单的示范装置。
论文题目:
Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6640273
论文题目:
Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale
论文地址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00412364
论文题目:
Voluntary action and conscious awareness
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896397
论文题目:
An accumulator model for spontaneous neural activity prior to self-initiated movement
论文地址:
https://www.pnas.org/content/109/42/E2904
论文题目:
To do or not to do: the neural signature of self-control
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715350
论文题目:
Uncertainty and causal emergence in complex networks
论文地址:
https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.03902
克里克和科赫:
最小神经关联物
尽管这一特定理论现在已不再被关注,但一个新的研究思路从此迅速发展:旨在揭示所谓的「意识神经关联物」(NCCs):「足以产生一个有意识感知的最小神经元机制集合」。
论文题目:
Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness
论文地址:
https://authors.library.caltech.edu/40352/
论文题目:
The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory
论文地址:
https://philpapers.org/rec/CHATCM
论文题目:
Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094080
论文题目:
Neural Correlates of Consciousness
论文地址:
https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/neural-correlates-consciousness
论文题目:
Should a Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories of Conscious Perception
论文地址:
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/37/40/9593
这些研究发现,初级视觉皮层区域的神经元反应——特别是 V1 ——跟踪的是视觉的物理刺激而不是视知觉,而在更高级区域的神经元反应——如颞下皮层(IT)——则跟踪知觉而不是物理刺激
论文题目:
Activity changes in early visual cortex reflect monkeys' percepts during binocular rivalry
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8596635
论文题目:
Neuronal correlates of subjective visual perception
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2772635
论文题目:
Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with perception during binocular rivalry
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11036274
论文题目:
Can binocular rivalry reveal neural correlates of consciousness?
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639582
论文题目:
Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21521609
论文题目:
Should a Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories of Conscious Perception
论文地址:
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/37/40/9593
论文题目:
A new era of coma and consciousness science
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818917
论文题目:
Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16195466
论文题目:
Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: a challenge for neuroscience and medicine
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475053
意识开关:屏状核
论文题目:
What is the function of the claustrum?
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16147522
论文题目:
Electrical stimulation of a small brain area reversibly disrupts consciousness
论文地址:
https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(14)00201-7/fulltext
论文题目:
The effect of claustrum lesions on human consciousness and recovery of function
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26186439
论文题目:
A giant neuron found wrapped around entire mouse brain
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28252090
全局空间理论
论文题目:
A neuronal network model linking subjective reports and objective physiological data during conscious perception
论文地址:
https://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8520.short
论文题目:
Two neural correlates of consciousness
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15668096
论文题目:
No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26585549
意识测量
论文题目:
The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6834646/
论文题目:
Consciousness and the Brain
论文地址:
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/308282/consciousness-and-the-brain-by-stanislas-dehaene/9780143126263/
激活(Ignition):刺激达到觉知阈值,脑激活强烈放大,拓展到多脑区 P3 脑波:意识通达表现为在刺激约 13 秒时出现的脑电波 高频振荡:在有意识加工时,电极测量到突然爆发的高频振荡 同步化:在有意识加工时,远距离脑区之间有信息交换的同步化现象
论文题目:
Large scale screening of neural signatures of consciousness in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state
论文地址:
https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/137/8/2258/2848092
以这个值为参考,研究人员又对严重意识障碍患者进行了大脑刺激-压缩测试(结果未显示),结果发现,有一些个体其实是存在意识的:
论文题目:
Stratification of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity.
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27717082
意识的行为相关性
论文题目:
Reflections of Consciousness: The Mirror Test
论文地址:
https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Fall/2007/FS-07-01/FS07-01-012.pdf
意识的创造力相关性
当前研究进展
就意识水平研究而言,基于「神经复杂性」(neuronal complexity)和「整合信息论」(integrated information)等一系列新理论给出了测量方案。
论文题目:
Causal density and integrated information as measures of conscious level
论文地址:
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2011.0079
论文题目:
A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23946194
论文题目:
A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23946194
论文题目:
Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24478356
论文题目:
The threshold for conscious report: Signal loss and response bias in visual and frontal cortex
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29567809
论文题目:
Signal detection theory and psychophysics / David M. Green, John A. Swets
论文地址:
https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/7432279?selectedversion=NBD13637051
论文题目:
Measures of metacognition on signal-detection theoretic models.
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24079931
论文题目:
The neural basis of metacognitive ability
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22492751
论文题目:
Causal Modelling and Brain Connectivity in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
论文地址:
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000033
论文题目:
The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?
论文地址:
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2787
论文题目:
How Do Expectations Shape Perception?
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30122170
论文题目:
Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19050712
论文题目:
Pavlovian conditioning-induced hallucinations result from overweighting of perceptual priors
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28798131
论文题目:
Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals
论文地址:
https://www.pnas.org/content/112/43/13401
论文题目:
Behavioral, Neural, and Computational Principles of Bodily Self-Consciousness
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26447578
论文题目:
Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24126130
论文题目:
Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14730305
意识的跨学科研究
研究者使用复杂网络中k-核渗透方法(k-core percolation)进行数学建模,观察了大脑由意识状态向无意识状态转变时功能网络的变化情况,发现意识状态下大脑功能网络有最多连接的核心部分(如视觉皮层和左额中回),与潜意识状态时保持活跃的区域重合。
即意识与潜意识的功能网络内核是完全一致的,核心网络Kmax包括左视觉皮层、右视觉皮层以及和左额中回。
图8:意识与潜意识的功能网络
论文题目:
How the Brain Transitions from Conscious to Subliminal Perception
论文地址:
https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.09630
论文题目:
Biology of Consciousness
论文地址:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111444/
结语与展望
不管所谓的困难问题(Hard problem of consciousness)是否会影响到这些研究的发展,未来意识研究 50 年的依然将会令人无限神往。
参考文献
[1] Stanislas Dehaene; Hakwan Lau;Sid Kouider;What is consciousness, and could machines have it? ,Science,2017
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[31] Sara Reardon;A giant neuron found wrapped around entire mouse brain ,2017
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[52] Christoph Teufel;Naresh Subramaniam;Veronika Dobler;Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals ,PNAS,2015
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作者:十三维
编辑:张爽
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