查看原文
其他

变量+机制:迈向历史社会学的完整解释(Kiser+Hechter1991)

高行云 社会学理论大缸 2022-06-09

Kiser, Edgar and Michael Hechter. 1991. “The Role of General Theory in Comparative-Historical Sociology.” American Journal of Sociology 1–30.

 


Kiser, Edgar and Michael Hechter一文激起千层浪,因为他挑战了当时兴起的历史社会学的代表取向和代表作,不管是Skocpol还是Mann。

 

虽然二人主张的是“变量+机制”解释,但实际上对于机制理解是理性选择取向(尤其反映在他的案例中),所以,后来不少学者反对他们对于机制的理解。而且,即使他们反对纯粹的变量解释,但他们自己做法实际上还没有脱离实证取向范围。

 

如果说老派实证量化大神Goldthorpe(1991)是首先把data问题上历史社会学的弊端(只能是无响应的,而非可以由问卷/访谈而generate出来),那么Kiser and Hecher(1991)则把general theory在历史社会学中的地位作为agenda-setting。

 

后来反对/发展他们的代表作见下。

 

Quadagno, Jill and Stan J. Knapp. 1992. “Have Historical Sociologists Forsaken Theory? Thoughts on the History/Theory Relationship.” Sociological Methods & Research 20(4):481–507.

 

Sewell, William H. Jr. 1996. “Three Temporalities: Toward an Eventful Sociology.” Pp. 245–80 in The Historic Turn in the Human Sciences, edited by T. J. McDonald. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

 

Stryker, Robin. 1996. “Beyond History Versus Theory Strategic Narrative and Sociological Explanation.” Sociological Methods & Research 24(3):304–352.

 

Goldthorpe, John H. 1997. “Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology: A Debate on Methodological Issues.” Comparative Social Research 16:1–26.

 

Calhoun, Craig. 1998. “Explanation in Historical Sociology: Narrative, General Theory, and Historically Specific Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 104(3):846–871.

 

Kiser, Edgar and Michael Hechter. 1998. “The Debate on Historical Sociology: Rational Choice Theory and Its Critics.” American Journal of Sociology 104(3):785–816.

 

Somers, Margaret R. 1998. “Symposium on Historical Sociology and Rational Choice Theory ‘We’re No Angels’: Realism, Rational Choice, and Relationality in Social Science.” American Journal of Sociology 104(3):722–84.

 

Steinmetz, George. 1998. “Critical Realism and Historical Sociology: A Review Article.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 40(1):170–86.

 

除了休谟式X->Y的变量描述,两位作者认为,更完整的解释还要指出这些过程是如何produce的mechanism

A complete explanation also must specify a mechanism that describes the process by which one variable influences the other, in other words, how it is that X produces Y

 

为了识别mechanism,要考虑到三个标准:

1. plausibility。比如,经济增长导致民主化的经典问题, 列宁认为民主是掩饰阶级统治,李普塞特只是用现代化解释,但是近期研究是认为经济增长导致收税要尊重有钱人,导致民主化,因此更合理。

2. reduction of time lags between cause and effect。简单地讲,越把宏观问题做到微观化,越是化减时间落差。因此,不能只看结构问题,也要看微观基础。

3. and the empirical implications 。不同的机制的经验内涵是不一样的,尤其是涉及到在一个process中,如何能cover到不同数量、类型、阶段的不同情况,都会有区别。

 

因此,在两位作者看来,好的历史社会学,要包括两个方面提升可检验性,具有特征:

1. 要测量的自变量越少,越容易检验

2. 变量间的关系越多,越容易检验

 

的是,历史社会学的主流却不是这样。

1. 历史主义倾向。

虽然现在很少是纯粹讲数据积累、不讲理论预设,但仍有不少是诠释论式的。诠释论式,像Mann研究的历史变迁,往往会看重主观维度,只能解释this this this,而没有更general的。同时,由于采用方法论的整全主义,因为要完整的叙事,部分依赖于整体来理解,最后也导致了无法批判、不容易检验。

 

Historical consciousness is interested in knowing not how men, people or states develop in general, but, quite on the contrary, how this man, this people, or this state became what it is; how each of these particulars could come to pass and end up specifically there

 

2. 推导的概括主义Inductive Generalism

代表人物是斯考切波。

作者指出,其实早在Weber和Durkheim反对斯考切波用的密尔比较法了。这种方法往往会导致案例少、不恰当的案例间相互独立、缺乏历时变迁,抽样太主观,而且变量依论据而即时调整(像斯考切波在不同案例,如伊朗革命,对革命的定义都不一样,导致别人也没法检验。最后,作者还批评斯考切波研究越有实验室效应,没法检验外生效应的影响。

 

其结果,在斯考切波的文本中,往往有black box问题,比如Skopol说农民社区和革命间有因果关系,但是我们更需要进一步问why,要把macro回到micro

 

最后,两位作者以state autonomy研究为例,再统一批评斯考切波和迈克尔曼,认为更适合将这种自主性微观/理性选择化理解为两个问题:

What explains variations in state autonomy?

What are the determinants of variations in state policies ?

 

进一步,国家自主性,说白了就是:治人者和治于人者之间的权力的相对性问题。

a function of the relative power of rulers vis a vis their subjects. This relative power is principally affected by (1) the degree to which rulers are dependent on subjects for revenue and other resources and (2) the capacity of subjects to monitor and sanction ruler 放在历史上,比如在西欧中世纪,国王越有领地,越不依赖于贵族,国家越有自主性。反过来,如果老百姓越没法监管治人者,国家也越有自主性。

the greater the value of crown lands owned by absolute monarchs, the greater their autonomy.

 

 

 Sociological理论大缸第322期)

 

 

 

 


您可能也对以下帖子感兴趣

文章有问题?点此查看未经处理的缓存