数字化转型、工资增长与企业间收入差距——兼论“灯塔工厂”的行业引导效应

Digital Transformation, Wage Growth and Income Gap Across Firms: Also on the Industry-leading Effect of “Lighthouse Factory”

《财经研究》2023年49卷第4期 页码：50 - 64 online：2023年4月3日

作者

中：陈东 , 郭文光

英：Chen Dong, Guo Wenguang

作者单位：山东大学 经济学院，山东 济南 250100

摘要及关键词

摘要：数字化转型为企业高质量发展提供新动能的同时，也有可能会引发收入分配问题。文章采用2010−2020年中国A股上市公司数据，考察数字化转型对企业工资水平的影响及其作用机制，并最终落脚于数字化转型对企业间收入差距的影响，以及率先完成数字化转型的“灯塔工厂”所发挥的行业引导效应。研究发现，数字化转型显著提升了企业工资水平，且这种提升作用在非国有企业、垄断性较低行业、劳动和知识技术密集型行业中更为明显；数字化转型对企业工资增长的影响存在时变现象，数字化转型成熟期带来的生产率效应和市场竞争效应对工资增长的促进作用大于劳动替代效应带来的抑制作用，并构成了企业工资增长的主要成因；数字化转型在扩大企业内不同技能劳动者之间收入差距的同时，还会通过提升行业垄断程度扩大同一行业内的企业间收入差距；“灯塔工厂”虽然造成了同一行业内其他企业的高技能劳动和资本要素部分转移，但是有助于提升行业内最低生产效率，缩小企业间的生产率差距，促进行业内企业工资水平的全面提升。文章的结论为推动企业数字化转型和防止收入差距拉大提供了实证依据。

关键词：数字化转型；平均工资；收入差距；灯塔工厂；引导效应

Summary: While digital transformation provides new momentum for high-quality development, it may also raise income distribution issues. Based on the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2020, this paper uses Python machine learning and text analysis to describe the degree of firm digital transformation, discusses the impact of digital transformation on wage growth, and focuses on the income gap across firms. It also discusses the industry-leading effect of “Lighthouse Factory” that have completed digital transformation. This paper finds that: First, digital transformation significantly raises firm wage, and this increase is more pronounced in non-state-owned firms, low industry monopolies, and labor and knowledge-and-technology intensive industries. Second, there is a shift in the overall effect of digital transformation on wage growth, and the productivity effect and market competition effect brought by the maturity of digital transformation promote wage growth more than the suppression effect brought by the labor substitution effect, which constitutes the main cause of wage growth. Third, digital transformation not only widens the skill income gap within firms, but also widens the income gap between firms in the same industry by increasing the degree of industry monopoly. Fourth, although the “Lighthouse Factory” results in the partial transfer of high-skill labor and capital elements from other firms in the same industry, it helps to improve the minimum productivity of the industry, reduce the productivity gap between firms, and promote the overall improvement of the wage level of firms in the industry. The findings provide an empirical basis for promoting digital transformation and preventing the widening of income gap. This paper contributes to the existing literature in three ways: First, it attempts to examine the effect of digital transformation on wage growth from the micro perspective of firms, and further explores the effect of digital transformation on the income gap between different firms within the same industry. Second, it explains the labor substitution effect, productivity effect and market competition effect triggered by digital transformation through a task model, and finds that there is some kind of shift in the overall impact of digital transformation under different development stages. On this basis, through the empirical test of endogenous mediating effect model and panel threshold regression model, the impact mechanism of digital transformation on the income gap is explained more comprehensively. Third, it further introduces the list of “Lighthouse Factory” and innovatively explores the leading effect of the first “Lighthouse Factory” that has completed digital transformation on other firms in the industry, broadening the research perspective on the impact of digital transformation on the industry.

Key words:digital transformation; average wage; income gap; Lighthouse Factory; leading effect

其他信息

DOI：10.16538/j.cnki.jfe.20230115.305

收稿日期：2022-08-24

基金项目：国家社科基金项目（21BJY097）

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