美国对华出口管制与中国企业创新

US Export Control to China and China Enterprise Innovation

《财经研究》2023年49卷第12期 页码：19-33 online：2023年12月3日

作者

中：刘斌1,2 , 李秋静3

英：Liu Bin1,2, Li Qiujing3

作者单位：1. 对外经济贸易大学 中国世界贸易组织研究院，北京 100029; 2. 对外经济贸易大学 国家对外开放研究院，北京 100029; 3. 对外经济贸易大学 国际经济研究院，北京 100029

摘要及关键词

摘要：近年来，美国以国家安全为由大幅加强对华出口管制，滥用实体清单打压中国科技企业，以期遏制中国科技创新发展势头，那么美国能实现其目的吗？鉴于此，文章整理了美国出口管制工具中的实体清单数据和商业管制清单数据，以2013—2021年中国A股制造业上市公司为研究样本，计量分析了美国对华出口管制对中国企业创新的影响。研究发现：首先，美国对华出口管制对中国企业创新具有双重作用。一方面，其抑制了中国企业创新产出，但该抑制效应会随时间逐渐减弱；另一方面，其促进了中国企业创新投入，该促进效应不仅会即刻显现且具有持续性，在考虑“树大招风”和产业关联的情况下，上述效应仍成立。其次，机制分析表明，美国对华出口管制通过阻碍创新知识流动抑制中国企业创新产出，通过提升企业创新动力促进中国企业增加创新投入。最后，拓展分析显示，美国对华出口管制会促使中国企业转向“内生创新”和减少低质量创新产出，研发国际化、龙头企业带头创新、政府创新驱动都可以帮助企业应对美国对华出口管制。文章的研究既拓展了出口管制对企业创新的研究边界，对探索中国特色自主创新之路也有一定启示。

关键词：美国对华出口管制；企业创新；自主性创新

Summary: In April 2018, ZTE encountered a technology embargo, which opened the prelude to the US strengthening export control to China. Since then, technological competition has gradually become the main axis of the multi-dimensional game between China and the US. With the gradual improvement of the systematic framework of the US to contain China technology, the measures that China can take gradually diminish, and US export control to China has become an important issue that China enterprises need to face. What is the impact of such a high-intensity technology embargo on the innovation of China enterprises? The answer is not yet clear. Therefore, this paper collates the data from the entity list and the US Commerce Control List, and takes A-share companies from 2013 to 2021 as the sample to analyze the impact of US export control on China enterprise innovation. It is found that: First, US export control to China has dual effects on China enterprises. On the one hand, it inhibits the innovation output of China enterprises, but this effect gradually weakens over time. On the other hand, it promotes the innovation investment of China enterprises, and this effect is permanent and can be quickly observed. These two effects are still valid after considering “destruction pursuing the great” and industrial correlation. Second, in terms of the mechanism, US export control to China inhibits the innovation output of China enterprises by hindering the flow of innovative knowledge, and promotes China enterprises to increase innovation investment by enhancing their innovation motivation. Third, US export control to China encourages China enterprises to pursue more “endogenous innovation” and less low-quality innovation output. International R&D, innovation-leading enterprises, and government innovation driven can help China enterprises cope with US export control to China. This paper makes the following contributions: First, in terms of indicator construction, it not only uses the entity list to measure US export control to China at the enterprise level, but also translates the names of 2,962 controlled products in the US Commerce Control List for the first time, and measures US export control to China at the product level, which improves the existing measurement. Second, in terms of identification strategy, it uses two instrumental variables to ensure the effectiveness of identification strategy, including the intensity of US export control to countries “similar” to China and the probability of US export control to China. Third, in terms of research perspective, it distinguishes the different impacts on the innovation output and input of enterprises, and analyzes the differential impacts on innovation modes and innovation types.

Key words:US export control to China; enterprise innovation; independent innovation

其他信息

DOI：10.16538/j.cnki.jfe.20230617.202

收稿日期：2022-09-03

基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（71973025）；教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目（21JZD023）；对外经济贸易大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助（CXTD14-02）

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