音乐 | 《飞越彩虹》：世纪之歌背后的故事
'Over the Rainbow': The Story Behind the Song of the Century
照片由Metro Goldwyn Mayer提供
Image Courtesy of Metro Goldwyn Mayer
1939年，朱迪·加兰（Judy Garland）因在经典音乐电影《绿野仙踪》中扮演女主角桃乐丝并演唱歌曲《Over the Rainbow（飞跃彩虹）》一举成名。谁曾想到，加兰当年差点与这首之后成为她代表作的歌曲擦肩而过。在一场试映会上，米高梅公司的高管意将删除《飞越彩虹》片段，他们觉得这首歌曲拖慢了电影的整体进度。
When went over the rainbow as Dorothy Gale in the classic 1939 musical The Wizard of Oz, she almost left without singing what was to become her signature number. For an advance screening, MGM executives had removed "Over the Rainbow" because they felt it slowed down the film.
当时的助理制片人阿瑟·弗里德（Arthur Freed）闻讯后对工作室主管路易·B·梅耶（Louis B. Mayer）说：“留下这首歌，不然我就辞职。” 梅耶回答说：“让他们留下这首该死的歌吧，把它放回电影。不会有什么损失。”75多年后的今天，这部电影和这首由哈罗德·阿伦（Harold Arlen）作曲、耶普·哈伯格（Yip Harburg）作词的《飞跃彩虹》一道成为了美国文化的标志。2001年，在美国国家艺术基金会（National Endowment for the Arts）和美国唱片工业协会（the Recording Industry Association of America）联合组织的问卷调查中，《飞越彩虹》被选为20世纪的最佳歌曲。
Associate producer Arthur Freed stepped in, telling studio head Louis B. Mayer, "The song stays—or I go," to which Mayer replied: "Let the boys have the damn song. Put it back in the picture. It can't hurt." More than 75 years later, the film and the song by composer Harold Arlen and lyricist Yip Harburg are cultural touchstones. In 2001 44 34234 44 15289 0 0 4234 0 0:00:08 0:00:03 0:00:05 4234, "Over the Rainbow" was voted the greatest song of the 20th century in a joint survey by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Recording Industry Association of America.
“由一个小女孩在一部奇幻电影开头演唱的歌曲竟拥有了属于自己的生命历程，这是许多人都没有想到的。”哥伦比亚大学音乐系教授沃尔特·弗利施（Walter Frisch）谈到，他的新书《阿伦和哈伯格的飞越彩虹》追溯了这首歌曲的创作历史。弗利施教授提出，这首歌吸引人的原因之一便是人们童年时想要逃离现实的共通愿望。“这首歌融合了希望与焦虑，让人们联想到自己的困扰，”弗利施教授说。他表示，这首歌的歌词模糊了环境背景，人们并不知道（演唱时）歌手正和她的狗站在农场前。
"It might not seem obvious that a song performed by a young girl at the beginning of a fantasy movie would take on a life of its own," said Walter Frisch, a professor of music whose new book, Arlen and Harburg's Over the Rainbow, traces the work's history. One factor of the song's appeal that Frisch cites is the universality of a childhood desire to get away or escape. "The song's mix of hope and anxiety has allowed people to read into it their own concerns," he said, noting that the lyrics are general enough that one would not know the singer was standing in a farmyard with her dog.
弗利施教授将《飞越彩虹》定义为一首经典的“我想要”类型的歌曲，这类歌曲一般出现在演出或电影的开头，“以表达主角的渴望，成为主角后来行为举措的动因。”助理制片人弗里德当时想要寻找一首可以匹敌当年十分流行的电影歌曲《我的王子终将到来》的抒情歌曲，后者出自沃尔特·迪士尼公司1937年大热动画电影《白雪公主与七个小矮人》。
Frisch defines "Over the Rainbow" as a classic "I want" song, delivered at the outset of a show or film to "express the desires that will motivate the protagonist's actions." Freed wanted a ballad that would rival a popular film song of the time, "Someday My Prince Will Come" from Walt Disney's 1937 animated hit Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
“当我告诉大家我正在研究哈罗德·阿伦的音乐时，他们大多都茫然地看着我，并不知道他是谁。”弗利施教授说到。“而当我提到《飞越彩虹》和 《暴风雪》这两首歌时，他们往往会反问‘他写了这些歌？’”弗利施教授认为，阿伦的名字应该为人熟知，正如同时代的作曲家乔治·格什温（George Gershwin）和欧文·伯林（Irving Berlin）一样。
"When I tell people that I’m working on Harold Arlen's music, they sort of stare at me blankly, not recognizing his name," Frisch said. "But when I mention 'Over the Rainbow' and 'Stormy Weather,' they say, 'He did those?'" Frisch believes that the composer's name should be as well-known as his contemporaries George Gershwin or Irving Berlin.
阿伦的音乐风格十分广泛，从爵士风格的曲调到轻松的快板都有涉及。当阿伦和哈伯格合作时，哈伯格负责提出与情节相关的想法和主题，阿伦负责作曲，之后哈伯格再作词。音乐灵感总在奇怪的时刻迸发出来。有一次，阿伦正和他的妻子在去中国剧院的路上，在路过日落大道的施瓦布药店时阿伦突然让妻子停下了车——灵感在瞬间爆发，在随身携带的乐谱上，阿伦匆忙记下了《飞越彩虹》的旋律。
Arlen's music covers a wide range of styles, from jazz-inspired tunes to light-hearted patter. As they collaborated, Harburg would generally suggest an idea or title connected with the plot, Arlen would compose the music, and then Harburg would write the lyrics. Musical inspiration often struck at odd moments. On his way to Grauman's ChineseTheatre with his wife, Arlen asked her to stop the car as they passed Schwab's drugstore on Sunset Boulevard. In a burst of creativity, he jotted down the tune for "Over the Rainbow" on the music paper that he invariably carried with him.
阿伦的音乐特点是歌曲开始部分的八度跳跃，正如《飞越彩虹》歌曲中开头几个音节‘some’到‘where’的八度跨越。阿伦称，“Someday I’ll wish upon a star”这段本意是模仿孩子的钢琴练习。 据哈伯格回忆，这是阿伦吹口哨招呼狗时的旋律。当哈伯格和阿伦正在为歌曲结尾苦思冥想时，艾拉·格什温（美国抒情诗人，作曲家乔治·格什温的兄弟）加入并帮助了他们。当格什温被问到为什么建议以一个问句，“Why, oh, why can't I”，来结束这首歌曲时，他回忆，“再不决定天就黑了。”
An Arlen trademark is to begin a song with an octave leap, as in the opening syllables' "Some-WHERE." The section "Someday I'll wish upon a star" was meant to imitate a child's piano exercise, Arlen claimed. Harburg recalled that it was the way Arlen whistled to call his dog. When Harburg and Arlen were stuck on an ending for the song, Ira Gershwin stepped in to help. When asked why he suggested ending the song with the question, "Why, oh, why can't I," Gershwin later recalled, "Well, it was getting to be a long evening."
这首朱迪·加兰用“神圣”二字形容的歌曲成为了她的颂歌。当这首歌曲被选为“世纪之歌”时，各大头条总是称“朱迪·加兰的《飞越彩虹》获得了第一名”，而很少提到作曲家或作词者的名字。在几十年间，这首歌一直伴随着她，有时甚至成为了加兰的负担。“我就像个留着长辫子的老奶奶一样。”她曾说道。
The song that Garland later called "sacred" became her anthem. When it was named song of the century, the headlines were usually along the lines of "Judy Garland's 'Over the Rainbow' is No. 1," with hardly a mention of the composer or lyricist. The song followed and sometimes burdened her throughout the decades. "It's like being a grandmother in pigtails," she once said.
弗利施教授写道，通过改变它的“速度、音色、节奏、措词、发音、音高”，加兰会用不同的方式诠释《飞越彩虹》。他写道：“这首歌和她一起成长，成为了她音乐会的高潮部分。1961年，她在纽约卡内基音乐厅举办了音乐会，所有人都知道她要唱这首歌，但观众仍会为之欢呼。”
Garland would interpret "Over the Rainbow" differently by changing its "tempo, timbre, rhythm, phrasing, dictionand choice of pitches," Frisch writes, noting that: "It grew with her and became the culminating moment of her concerts. At her Carnegie Hall concert in 1961, everyone knew that she was going to sing it, but the audience would have to clamor for it."
弗利施教授的主要研究领域本是19世纪20年代至20世纪30年代的德奥音乐。 “人们总是问我，‘你的研究对象是怎么从勃拉姆斯变成哈罗德·阿伦的？’”他说，“对我来说，勃拉姆斯和哈罗德·阿伦共有的特殊之处就是他们都非常具有表达力，但他们的音乐总是有一种情绪被克制的感觉，反而传达出了热切的渴望与憧憬。”
Frisch's main area of research has been Austro-German music from the 1820s to the 1930s. "People ask me, 'How do you get from Brahms to Harold Arlen?'" he said. "For me, what is special about both Brahms and Arlen is that they are deeply expressive, yet there is always a sense that the emotion is being controlled, which imparts yearning and longing."
对于《飞越彩虹》只有一个“原汁原味”版本的说法，弗利施教授表示怀疑。“不同的表演者和不同的情境会造就不同的版本，”他说道。正如今年，在英国的曼彻斯特，爱莉安娜·格兰德（Ariana Grande）将这首歌作为慈善音乐会的返场歌曲演唱，献给在她之前演唱会爆炸事件的受害者们。“在这里，这首歌传达了团结、安慰的讯息。”
He doubts that there is "one real authentic" version of "Over the Rainbow." "There are as many different versions as there are performers and contexts," he said. Just this year in Manchester, England, Ariana Grande sang it as an encore at a benefit concert for the victims of a bombing at one of her earlier concerts. "Here the song conveyed a message of solidarity and reassurance," Frisch said.
在这首歌悠长而丰富的历史中，许多著名歌手都录制了不同版本。通过暗示《绿野仙踪》尾声的一个场景，弗利施教授向《飞越彩虹》的创作者致敬，并以此为结尾结束了他的全书。“我们应该为那些幕后的创作者们鼓掌。哈罗德·阿伦、耶普·哈伯格是现实生活中的男巫。”
Scores of famous singers have recorded versions of the song over its long and rich life. Frisch ends his book by honoring its creators with an allusion to a scene near the conclusion of The Wizard of Oz: "We should give credit to the men behind the curtain. Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg are the real-life wizards."
https://v.qq.com/txp/iframe/player.html?vid=c0519ep3ho5&width=500&height=375&auto=0
Somewhere over the rainbow
Way up high
There is a land that l heard of once
In a lullaby
Somewhere over the rainbow
Skies are blue
And the dreams that you dare to dream
Really do come true
Someday I will wish upon a star
And wake up where the clouds are far
Behind me
Where troubles melt like lemon drops
Away above the chimney tops
That is where you will find me
Somewhere over the rainbow
Bluebirds fly
Birds fly over the rainbow
Why then oh why can not I
If happy little bluebirds fly
Beyond the rainbow
Why oh why can't I
—— Over the Rainbow
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编译：忆念
校对：南心、由皙
责编：翩跹