LA研究 | 干靓 杨伟光 王兰 | 不同健康影响路径下的城市绿地空间特征

全文刊登于《风景园林》2020年第4期 P95-100

干靓，杨伟光，王兰.不同健康影响路径下的城市绿地空间特征[J].风景园林，2020，27（4）：95-100.

不同健康影响路径下的城市绿地空间特征

干靓

同济大学建筑与城市规划学院副教授

杨伟光

同济大学建筑与城市规划学院在读硕士研究生

王兰（通信作者）

同济大学建筑与城市规划学院教授、博士生导师

摘要

基于文献梳理，从减少健康风险暴露、促进健康行为活动和提高心理恢复能力3方面讨论城市绿地与公共健康关联的基本路径，针对不同健康影响路径归纳总结分布格局特征、周边联系特征、内部环境特征3类城市绿地空间特征和实证变量指标，分析各项空间特征的健康促进效益。从规划设计实践需求角度提出未来的研究需要从权衡主导风险影响、构建高线指标要求、深化微观促进机制、优化指标度量视角等方面予以完善，以期为健康导向的绿地规划设计提供依据，推进健康绿地循证设计。 

关键词

风景园林；城市绿地；健康影响路径；空间特征；循证设计 

城市绿地是城市自然生态系统的重要组成部分，可对人的身心健康产生积极作用。城市绿地健康影响路径的研究日趋完善，但规划设计实践者仍存疑惑，如：为促进特定健康效益，绿地分布是集中还是分散更好？布局在什么位置更合适？绿地内部结构、设施、植被配置怎样才更合理？笔者根据城市绿地对健康影响的基本路径，对分布格局特征、周边联系特征与内部环境特征3类城市绿地空间特征及其健康效益进行梳理（图1）。

1 整体分析框架

1 城市绿地的健康影响路径

笔者将城市绿地的健康影响路径归纳为：减少健康风险暴露、促进健康行为活动和提高心理恢复能力3方面。

健康风险包括空气污染、热浪、噪声。城市绿地能够降低空气污染从而减少心血管疾病的发病风险，也能缓解热岛效应影响与炎热环境相关的死亡率，还能阻隔噪声传播从而缓解居民睡眠障碍。

健康行为包括自然体验活动、体力活动和社会交往活动。缺乏与自然直接接触可能面临健康风险，而周边绿地的覆盖率与距离会影响自然体验活动的参与性；城市绿地可以提供安全、便捷、有吸引力的场地来引导人们进行体力活动；绿地作为公共开放空间为邻里交往提供机会，促进更好的邻里关系，减少负面情绪产生的可能。

城市绿地在缓解压力、改善情绪、恢复注意力和调节心理疾病等方面也具有独特作用。绿地能够提高心理恢复能力的原理可以用减压理论和注意力恢复理论解释。前者认为人类天生就倾向于寻找无害的自然环境来放松，压力大的人与自然接触后会更加舒适放松。后者指出人在自然环境中对有趣而丰富的场景给予无意识的注意有助于恢复精力，从而提高认知能力。

2 不同健康影响路径下的城市绿地空间特征

绿地分布格局特征指绿地在城市中的空间分布（集中或分散）；绿地周边联系特征指绿地与其他用地的联系状况，包括可获得性（availability）、可达性（accessibility）等；绿地内部环境特征指单个绿地的自身特征，包括几何特征（面积、形状）、场地特征（设施、地形地貌等）、植被特征（植被类型、数量和群落结构等）以及生物多样性特征（物种种类、数量）等方面。不同层面的绿地空间特征在一种或多种影响路径下发挥绿地的健康效益。

2.1 减少健康风险暴露的绿地空间特征

绿地斑块聚集性、可获得性以及植被特征对减少空气污染具有重要作用。绿地斑块聚集性越高或者研究区周边缓冲区内绿化覆盖率越高，大气颗粒物浓度越低。绿地内部的植被特征也会影响大气颗粒物浓度，植被的横向结构、竖向结构及植被类型在一定程度上有助于削减大气颗粒物；沿街绿地中的乔灌草植被配置组合对大气颗粒物削减能力最强；针阔叶混交林复合配置对颗粒物具有较好的净化效果。

绿地斑块聚集性、连通性、可获得性特征以及面积与形状会影响城市绿地降温效果。多数研究支持更高的聚集性和连通性有更好的降温效果。提高绿地的可获得性也有助于缓解城市热岛。单个绿地面积越大则降温作用越好，但发挥显著降温效果的绿地面积阈值存在差异。

减少噪声污染方面，植被层次越丰富，减噪效果越好。道路旁植被配置时应注意增加水平和垂直向上植物群落层次，并将高大乔木种植在靠近高架路一侧，植物群落高度依次递减可以达到较好的减噪效果（表1）。

表1 减少健康风险暴露的绿地空间特征

2.2 促进健康行为活动的绿地空间特征

绿地斑块聚集性低，布局相对分散，则周边居民的自然体验活动参与频率和时长较高。绿地可达性与可获得性越高，居民自然体验活动的参与性也越高。安全、整洁和维护良好的绿地是居民参与自然体验活动的前提条件。居民在面积大的绿地中自然体验活动参与频率低，但活动持续时间长；在面积小的绿地中活动频率高，但活动时长短。绿地内有健身步道也能促进居民体验自然；对青少年而言，秋千、滑梯等娱乐设施是他们访问绿地的重要因素。绿地的自然特征，如有自然界面的小溪、可攀爬的树木、可以野餐的草地、不同的地形环境都会影响居民的自然体验参与。绿地的生物多样性特征也是一项重要因素，物种种类与数量越丰富，居民自然体验活动参与性越高。

绿地的可获得性越高，居民参与体力活动意愿越强。到达绿地的距离和时间越长，居民体力活动的频率也越低。有研究指出住家周边至少300 m内有绿地才能更好地促进体力活动，也有研究指出该距离不能超过400 m（10 min步程），而100 m是更优的距离。绿地的安全性是人们进入的前提条件，也会影响体力活动的持续时间。绿地内的设施配置同样会影响居民的体力活动。绿地内安装户外健身器材后，居民体力活动强度显著增加；居民对绿地中游乐场、咖啡馆、厕所等设施的品质评分与体力活动呈正相关。

提高居住地周边绿地的可获得性与可达性在一定程度上能促进社会交往。社区绿地可获得性越高，居民社会交往活动越多。家到公园绿地的距离会影响居民社交活动。绿地的安全与维护是居民发生社交活动的前提条件。丰富的植物要素也能在一定程度上强化居民对交往氛围的感知，从而促进人们进行聊天、棋牌、喝茶等社交活动（表2）。

表2 促进健康行为活动的绿地空间特征

2.3 提高心理恢复能力的绿地空间特征

提高绿地的可获得性与可达性在一定程度上有益于心理恢复。对心理恢复影响最大的是绿地的植被与生物多样性特征。绿地内鸟类等生物的多样性越丰富，被试者的心理恢复效益就越好；受访者可感知的蝶类、蜜蜂等昆虫的物种丰富度与心理恢复存在一定相关性。绿地中的植物有助于提高居民对景观优美度的判断，从而引发静坐冥想、观景聊天等休闲行为；乔灌草搭配并且种植本地物种更有助心理恢复。此外，绿地内多变的地形与丰富的设施能激发使用者对景观优美度与交往氛围感的心理认知，从而有益于心理恢复。也有研究发现受访者对绿地内设施品质的评分越高，其心理困扰就越少（表3）。 

表3 提高心理恢复能力的绿地空间特征

2.4 小结

不同的绿地特征通过不同路径影响着公共健康，具体指标可表征不同层面空间特征（表4）。分布格局特征多与物理环境过程（降温、增湿等）相关，主要通过减少健康风险暴露来发挥绿地的健康效益；周边联系特征主要针对居民的行为活动参与性；内部环境特征则与居民行为活动的体验性相关，好的活动体验将促进活动的参与。周边联系特征和内部环境特征共同促进健康行为的发生。此外，绿地的内部环境特征可能影响居民的心理恢复效果，尤其是植被和生物多样性特征能有效地为居民提高心理恢复能力。

表4 不同影响路径下的城市绿地空间特征

3 结论与启示

笔者以健康绿地规划设计的实际需求为导向，辨析不同健康影响路径的城市绿地特征及其分析指标，提出未来进一步研究的要点和重点：

1）绿地分布格局特征主要通过绿地斑块的聚集性和连通性来度量。这类特征在不同影响路径下所具有的健康效益趋向呈现相反结论。如同等绿地规模，相对均等且分散布局能提高居民可达性，对促进自然体验活动有益；但对于减少空气污染和缓解城市热岛，布局相对集中的绿地才能发挥出绿地相应的健康效益。因此针对绿地分布格局的研究需要权衡主导风险，找到布局的平衡点或阈值，辨析地区存在的不同健康风险和需求，提出差异化的健康导向绿地规划设计策略。

2）以绿化覆盖率为主的可获得性特征在3方面健康影响路径中都能发挥作用；可达性特征则主要作用于促进健康行为和帮助心理恢复。现有设计规范提供了包含绿地面积、绿地率、绿化覆盖率在内的绿地规模指标的环境底线要求。未来需要开展更具针对性的实证研究，量化健康效益，提出更高健康导向的绿地服务半径、通达路径、步行距离和时间等指标要求。

3）内部环境特征主要作用于促进健康行为活动和提高心理恢复能力方面。人的行为与心理感受主要受到微观空间影响，绿地内部环境中人工和自然要素的平衡，以及空间特征的细化设计是该层面重要的关注点。在土地空间资源有限、绿地规模较难大幅度增长的存量规划时代，绿地的内部环境品质对于规划设计更显重要。有待进一步分析绿地内的游乐和服务设施配置、自然基底丰富度与趣味性、绿化维护管理方式、实际与可感知的动植物物种丰富度等微观要素，辨析其对特定的健康行为的促进效应和心理恢复作用。

4）大部分研究尚未明确提出具有直接设计指导价值的量化指标。过于宽泛则较难在规划设计中进行精准干预。因此很有必要从实践角度对当前实证研究中的度量指标提出新的要求。

图表来源(Sources of Figures and Tables)：

图1由作者绘制，表1~4由作者依据相关参考文献整理。

为了微信阅读体验，文中参考文献标注进行了删减，详见杂志。

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