初中英语重点语法精讲 7《现在完成时》知识点讲解
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一、现在完成时的基本结构
肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他
否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他
一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)
肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他
否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他
一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)
二、现在完成时的用法
1. 现在完成时用来表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。
I have already posted the photo.
我已经邮寄出了照片。
与此种用法连用的时间状语时一些模糊的过去时间状语,如already(肯定句句中), yet(否定句/疑问句句尾), just, before, recently,still, lately,never等。
2. 现在完成时也可用来表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻,持续到现在并且有可能会继续持续下去。
He has lived here since 1978.
自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
此种用法常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用。谓语动词必须是延续性动词。
有些瞬间动词可变为延续动词:
go out----be out
finish----be over
open----be open
die----be dead
buy---have
fall ill---be ill
come back----be back
catch a cold----have a cold
1. 现在完成时用来表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。
I have already posted the photo.
我已经邮寄出了照片。
与此种用法连用的时间状语时一些模糊的过去时间状语,如already(肯定句句中), yet(否定句/疑问句句尾), just, before, recently,still, lately,never等。
2. 现在完成时也可用来表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻,持续到现在并且有可能会继续持续下去。
He has lived here since 1978.
自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
此种用法常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用。谓语动词必须是延续性动词。
有些瞬间动词可变为延续动词:
go out----be out
finish----be over
open----be open
die----be dead
buy---have
fall ill---be ill
come back----be back
catch a cold----have a cold
三、现在完成时常见考法
对于现在完成时的考查,多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中,会让大家判断是否该用现在完成时,或者是考查“瞬间动词”不能与表示一段时间的状语连用”这一知识点。
【典型例题】
His father_____the party since 1978
A.joind
B.has joined
C.was in
D.has been in
答案:D
解析:本题考查学生对现在完成时的熟练掌握。since 1978表达“自从1978年一直到现在”,表示这件事情从过去一直持续到现在,应该用现在完成时,而且动词必须是延续性动词,A、B均为瞬间动词,不能与时间段连用,故排除;C为一般过去时,也不行。
对于现在完成时的考查,多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中,会让大家判断是否该用现在完成时,或者是考查“瞬间动词”不能与表示一段时间的状语连用”这一知识点。
【典型例题】
His father_____the party since 1978
A.joind
B.has joined
C.was in
D.has been in
答案:D
解析:本题考查学生对现在完成时的熟练掌握。since 1978表达“自从1978年一直到现在”,表示这件事情从过去一直持续到现在,应该用现在完成时,而且动词必须是延续性动词,A、B均为瞬间动词,不能与时间段连用,故排除;C为一般过去时,也不行。
四、比较一般过去时和现在完成时的异同
1. 共同点:动作都是在过去完成。
I saw the film yesterday evening.
I have seen the film before.
(看电影这件事都是在过去完成的。)
2. 区别:
①现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果,而一般过去时与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
②一般过去时通常与具体明确的过去时间状语连用。如yesterday, last week , two years ago,just now,in 2002 等;而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等模糊的过去时间状语和 these days ,this week ,since..., for... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
【典型例题】
—______ you your homework yet ?
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A.Did ; do ; finished
B.Have ; done ; finished
C.Have ; done ; have finished
答案:B
解析:本题考查一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别。问句中的yet表明应该用现在完成时,而回答中的a moment ago 是一个明确的过去时间状语,应该用一般过去时。
1. 共同点:动作都是在过去完成。
I saw the film yesterday evening.
I have seen the film before.
(看电影这件事都是在过去完成的。)
2. 区别:
①现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果,而一般过去时与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
②一般过去时通常与具体明确的过去时间状语连用。如yesterday, last week , two years ago,just now,in 2002 等;而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等模糊的过去时间状语和 these days ,this week ,since..., for... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
【典型例题】
—______ you your homework yet ?
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A.Did ; do ; finished
B.Have ; done ; finished
C.Have ; done ; have finished
答案:B
解析:本题考查一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别。问句中的yet表明应该用现在完成时,而回答中的a moment ago 是一个明确的过去时间状语,应该用一般过去时。
五、过去分词的规则变化
动词过去分词的规则变化与动词过去式的规则变化相同。
① 一般情况下,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked
visit---visited---visited
② 以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
③ 以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied
cry---cried---cried
④ 重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped
drop---dropped--dropped
动词过去分词的规则变化与动词过去式的规则变化相同。
① 一般情况下,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked
visit---visited---visited
② 以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
③ 以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied
cry---cried---cried
④ 重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped
drop---dropped--dropped
六、过去分词的不规则变化
一、AAA型(原形→原形→原形)
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 read read read 读 cut cut cut 切,割 let let let 让 put put put 放 cost cost cost 花费,值 hit hit hit 撞,击 set set set 安排,安置 hurt hurt hurt 使…伤痛 bet bet bet 赌博,打赌 cast cast cast 抛
二、ABA型(原形→过去式→原形)
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 become became become 成为 come came come 来 run ran run 跑 throw threw thrown 扔
三、ABC型
1. ow →ew →own
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 blow blew blown 吹 draw drew drawn 画 grow grew grown 生长 know knew known 知道
2. i→a →u
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 begin began begun 开始 drink drank drunk 喝 sing sang sung 唱 swim swam swum 游泳 ring rang rung 打电话
3. 原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 wear wore worn 穿 forget forgot forgotten 忘记 speak spoke spoken 说 freeze froze frozen 冻 choose chose chosen 选择 drive drove driven 驾驶 mistake mistook mistaken 误解 rise rose risen 上升 shake shook shaken 摇
4. 原形→过去式→原形+(e)n
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 eat ate eaten 吃 forbid forbade forbidden 禁止 give gave given 给 ride rode ridden 骑 see saw seen 看见 write wrote written 写 fall fell fallen 落下 break broke broken 打破,折断 forgive forgave forgiven 原谅;宽恕
5. 无规律
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 am/is was been 是 are were been 是 do did done 做 go went gone 走 take took taken 拿
四、ABB型
1. 原形→ought →ought
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 bring brought brought 带来 buy bought bought 买 fight fought fought 打架 think thought thought 思考 seek sought sought 寻求
2. 原形→aught →aught
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 catch caught caught 捉,抓 teach taught taught 教
3. 变其中一个元音字母
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 feed fed fed 喂 meet met met 遇见 get got got 得到 hold held held 拥有 babysit babysat babysat 临时照看 sit sat sat 坐 win won won 赢 find found found 发现 bend bent bent 使弯曲 dig dug dug 挖 lead led led 引导 sell sold sold 卖
4. 原形→□t→□t
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 feel felt felt 感到 keep kept kept 保持 leave left left 离开 sleep slept slept 睡 sweep swept swept 扫 smell smelt smelt 闻;发出气味 retell retold retold 复述
5. 变其中一个辅音字母
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 build built built 建造 hear heard heard 听见 make made made 制造 mean meant meant 意思 send sent sent 送,寄 spend spent spent 花费 deal dealt dealt 处理 rebuild rebuilt rebuilt 重建 lend lent lent 借贷
6.辅音字母和元音字母都变
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 have had had 有,吃 lay lain lain 放 lose lost lost 丢失 pay paid paid 付钱 say said said 说 sell sold sold 卖 tell told told 告诉 stand stood stood 站 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood 误解 shoot shot shot 放炮;开枪 understand understood understood 理解
五、AAB型
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 beat beat beaten 打败
六、有两种形式
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 bear bore born 生 bore borne hang hanged hanged 吊死 hung hung 挂 learn learned learned 学 learnt learnt lie lied lied 说谎 lay lain 躺 show showed showed 给……看 showed shown spell spelled spelled 拼写 spelt spelt burn burned burned 烧 burnt burnt smell smelled smelled 闻 smelt smelt shine shined shined 照耀 shone shone dream dreamed dreamed 做梦 dreamt dreamt wake waked waked 醒 woke woken hide hid hid 躲藏 hid hidden bite bit bit 咬 bit bitten light lighted iighted 点着 lit lit prove proved proved 证明 proved proven quit quit quit 放弃 quited quited rid rid rid 免除;去掉 ridded ridded saw sawed sawed 锯 sawed sawn sew sewed sewed 缝纫 sewed sown shine shone shone 发光;闪亮 shined shined sink sank sunk 下沉 sank sunken sow sowed sowed 种植 sowed sown spit spat spat 吐 spit spit spring sprang sprung 跳跃 sprung sprung wet wet wet 浸湿;弄湿 wetted wetted
七、情态动词
原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思 can could ∕ 能 may might ∕ 也许 must ∕ ∕ 必须 shall should ∕ 将要 will would ∕ 会
一、AAA型(原形→原形→原形)
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
read | read | read | 读 |
cut | cut | cut | 切,割 |
let | let | let | 让 |
put | put | put | 放 |
cost | cost | cost | 花费,值 |
hit | hit | hit | 撞,击 |
set | set | set | 安排,安置 |
hurt | hurt | hurt | 使…伤痛 |
bet | bet | bet | 赌博,打赌 |
cast | cast | cast | 抛 |
二、ABA型(原形→过去式→原形)
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
become | became | become | 成为 |
come | came | come | 来 |
run | ran | run | 跑 |
throw | threw | thrown | 扔 |
三、ABC型
1. ow →ew →own
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
blow | blew | blown | 吹 |
draw | drew | drawn | 画 |
grow | grew | grown | 生长 |
know | knew | known | 知道 |
2. i→a →u
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
begin | began | begun | 开始 |
drink | drank | drunk | 喝 |
sing | sang | sung | 唱 |
swim | swam | swum | 游泳 |
ring | rang | rung | 打电话 |
3. 原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
wear | wore | worn | 穿 |
forget | forgot | forgotten | 忘记 |
speak | spoke | spoken | 说 |
freeze | froze | frozen | 冻 |
choose | chose | chosen | 选择 |
drive | drove | driven | 驾驶 |
mistake | mistook | mistaken | 误解 |
rise | rose | risen | 上升 |
shake | shook | shaken | 摇 |
4. 原形→过去式→原形+(e)n
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
eat | ate | eaten | 吃 |
forbid | forbade | forbidden | 禁止 |
give | gave | given | 给 |
ride | rode | ridden | 骑 |
see | saw | seen | 看见 |
write | wrote | written | 写 |
fall | fell | fallen | 落下 |
break | broke | broken | 打破,折断 |
forgive | forgave | forgiven | 原谅;宽恕 |
5. 无规律
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
am/is | was | been | 是 |
are | were | been | 是 |
do | did | done | 做 |
go | went | gone | 走 |
take | took | taken | 拿 |
四、ABB型
1. 原形→ought →ought
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
bring | brought | brought | 带来 |
buy | bought | bought | 买 |
fight | fought | fought | 打架 |
think | thought | thought | 思考 |
seek | sought | sought | 寻求 |
2. 原形→aught →aught
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
catch | caught | caught | 捉,抓 |
teach | taught | taught | 教 |
3. 变其中一个元音字母
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
feed | fed | fed | 喂 |
meet | met | met | 遇见 |
get | got | got | 得到 |
hold | held | held | 拥有 |
babysit | babysat | babysat | 临时照看 |
sit | sat | sat | 坐 |
win | won | won | 赢 |
find | found | found | 发现 |
bend | bent | bent | 使弯曲 |
dig | dug | dug | 挖 |
lead | led | led | 引导 |
sell | sold | sold | 卖 |
4. 原形→□t→□t
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
feel | felt | felt | 感到 |
keep | kept | kept | 保持 |
leave | left | left | 离开 |
sleep | slept | slept | 睡 |
sweep | swept | swept | 扫 |
smell | smelt | smelt | 闻;发出气味 |
retell | retold | retold | 复述 |
5. 变其中一个辅音字母
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
build | built | built | 建造 |
hear | heard | heard | 听见 |
make | made | made | 制造 |
mean | meant | meant | 意思 |
send | sent | sent | 送,寄 |
spend | spent | spent | 花费 |
deal | dealt | dealt | 处理 |
rebuild | rebuilt | rebuilt | 重建 |
lend | lent | lent | 借贷 |
6.辅音字母和元音字母都变
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
have | had | had | 有,吃 |
lay | lain | lain | 放 |
lose | lost | lost | 丢失 |
pay | paid | paid | 付钱 |
say | said | said | 说 |
sell | sold | sold | 卖 |
tell | told | told | 告诉 |
stand | stood | stood | 站 |
misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood | 误解 |
shoot | shot | shot | 放炮;开枪 |
understand | understood | understood | 理解 |
五、AAB型
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
beat | beat | beaten | 打败 |
六、有两种形式
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
bear | bore | born | 生 |
bore | borne | ||
hang | hanged | hanged | 吊死 |
hung | hung | 挂 | |
learn | learned | learned | 学 |
learnt | learnt | ||
lie | lied | lied | 说谎 |
lay | lain | 躺 | |
show | showed | showed | 给……看 |
showed | shown | ||
spell | spelled | spelled | 拼写 |
spelt | spelt | ||
burn | burned | burned | 烧 |
burnt | burnt | ||
smell | smelled | smelled | 闻 |
smelt | smelt | ||
shine | shined | shined | 照耀 |
shone | shone | ||
dream | dreamed | dreamed | 做梦 |
dreamt | dreamt | ||
wake | waked | waked | 醒 |
woke | woken | ||
hide | hid | hid | 躲藏 |
hid | hidden | ||
bite | bit | bit | 咬 |
bit | bitten | ||
light | lighted | iighted | 点着 |
lit | lit | ||
prove | proved | proved | 证明 |
proved | proven | ||
quit | quit | quit | 放弃 |
quited | quited | ||
rid | rid | rid | 免除;去掉 |
ridded | ridded | ||
saw | sawed | sawed | 锯 |
sawed | sawn | ||
sew | sewed | sewed | 缝纫 |
sewed | sown | ||
shine | shone | shone | 发光;闪亮 |
shined | shined | ||
sink | sank | sunk | 下沉 |
sank | sunken | ||
sow | sowed | sowed | 种植 |
sowed | sown | ||
spit | spat | spat | 吐 |
spit | spit | ||
spring | sprang | sprung | 跳跃 |
sprung | sprung | ||
wet | wet | wet | 浸湿;弄湿 |
wetted | wetted |
七、情态动词
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 汉语意思 |
can | could | ∕ | 能 |
may | might | ∕ | 也许 |
must | ∕ | ∕ | 必须 |
shall | should | ∕ | 将要 |
will | would | ∕ | 会 |
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