母乳菌群与婴儿肠道菌群建立和发育的关系

这是一项很重要的研究，第一次解答了一个很多人会关心的问题，那就是母乳喂养的婴儿肠道里的菌群，有多大比例来自于母亲，平均为38%（27.7%来自母乳，10.3%来自乳晕）！这个数字恐怕会被很多人很多次引用的。强烈推荐！

论文摘要

Microbial colonization of the infant gut plays an im- portant role in lifelong health.1,2 In healthy new- borns, the gut microbiome composition shows large- scale longitudinal changes until age 3 years, when it settles into an adult-like anaerobic pattern.3-5 Perturbations in the micro- biome are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune dis- eases, such as diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, atopy, and other conditions.6-8 The mechanisms of acquisition and pro- gression toward a “normal” infant microbiome are poorly un- derstood. Colonization of the infant gut is a complex process dependent on multiple overlapping factors, including age,9 mode of delivery,10-12 type of feeding,10,12,13 and environmen- tal exposures.14 

Multiple studies have documented differences in the stool microbiota of breastfed compared with nonbreastfed indi- viduals during infancy and adulthood.13,15,16 Studies show that breastfeeding confers protection against respiratory and gas- trointestinal tract infections and allergic diseases in addition to reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, obe- sity, and inflammatory bowel disease.17 Most microbiota re- search on the breastfeeding effects to date has focused on in- fant stool. Little is known about the vertical transfer of breast milk microbes from mother to infant.18 

Breast milk contains a diverse population of bacteria19,20 that are hypothesized to seed the infant’s gut via breastfeed- ing. We set out to evaluate the association between the ma- ternal bacterial community and the infant’s stool in healthy mother-infant pairs. In this report, we show the extent that ma- ternal milk and areolar skin contribute to the developing in- fant microbiome. We also describe the predicted functional profile of milk and infant stool bacterial communities. 

实验综述

① 收集107对母婴的母乳、乳晕皮肤、婴儿粪便样品，分析菌群组成，婴儿的中位数年龄为40天；

② 3种样品中的细菌群落的组成及多样性均存在差异；

③ 相比于任意一位母亲，婴儿的肠道菌群群落与自己母亲的母乳菌群及乳晕皮肤菌群更加相关；

④ 在出生的前30天中，母乳喂养比例在75%以上的婴儿平均获得27.7%的母乳菌群及10.3%的乳晕皮肤菌群；

⑤ 细菌多样性及组成的改变与母乳喂养比例相关，并呈现出剂量效应，即使在引入固体饮食后也有同样表现。