孕期脂肪和维生素的摄入量与促炎母体微生物群相关
Fat and vitamin intakes during pregnancyhave stronger relations with a proinflammatory maternal microbiota than doescarbohydrate intake
Mandal etal. Microbiome (2016)
DOI 10.1186/s40168-016-0200-3
Abstract
Background: Although diet is known to have a major modulatory influence on gutmicrobiota, knowledge of the specific roles of particular vitamins, minerals,and other nutrients is limited.
Modulation of the composition of themicrobiota in pregnant women is especially important as maternal microbes aretransferred during delivery and initiate the colonization process in theinfant. We studied the associations between intake of specific dietarynutrients during pregnancy and gut microbiota composition.
Methods: Utilizing the Norwegian NoMIC cohort, we examined the relationsbetween intakes of 28 dietary macroand micronutrients during pregnancy, derivedfrom food frequency questionnaires administered to 60 women in the secondtrimester, and observed taxonomic differences in their gut microbiota four daysafter delivery (assessed through Illumina 16S rRNA amplicon analysis).
Results: Higher dietary intakes of fat-soluble vitamins, especially vitaminD, were associated with reduced microbial alpha diversity (p value <0.001).Furthermore, using recently developed statistical methodology, we discoveredthat the variations in fat-soluble vitamins, saturated and mono-unsaturatedfat, and cholesterol intake, were associated with changes in phyla composition.Specifically,vitamin D, mono-unsaturated fat, cholesterol, and retinol were associated withrelative increases in Proteobacteria,which is a phylum known to encompass multiple pathogens and to havepro-inflammatory properties. In contrast, saturated fat, vitamin E,and protein were associated with relative decreases in Proteobacteria.
Conclusions: The results in this article indicate that fats and fat-solublevitamins are among the most potent dietary modulators of gut microbiota inmothers. The shifts in microbiota due to diet need to be further studiedalongside gut microbiota changes during pregnancy to better understand theimpact on infant gut microbiota.
在影响人体肠道微生物菌群的各种因素中，膳食摄入是最重要和最容易控制的因素之一。对无菌小鼠的研究已经证实了宿主-微生物的相互作用，由此微生物发展共生关系，从宿主未消化的营养物中获得能量。
妊娠本身和饮食质量和微量营养素含量都可能影响肠道微生物组成。分娩时孕妇体内的微生物群的组成可能影响新生儿的肠道微生物菌群，因为母体微生物在婴儿通过产道期间被转移，并开始婴儿的定殖过程。与没有亲缘关系的个体相比，幼儿的肠道微生物群与自己的母亲非常相似。因此，增加对食物和营养物如何调节孕妇肠道组成的知识不仅对母亲而且对未出生的孩子都非常重要。本研究分析了妊娠期食物频率问卷评估的28种营养素膳食摄入量与分娩时肠道微生物的关系。
研究对象：60名来自挪威NoMIC队列的孕妇。
入组标准：NoMIC队列中，具有微生物组数据，并且具有饮食信息（通过问卷收集）。
实验方法：在怀孕第22周，向参与者发放食物频率问卷(FFQ)记录膳食摄入量，包括255种食物项目以及40组问题；使用FoodCalc(http://www.ibt.ku.dk/jesper/foodcalc)和挪威食物组成表将食物频率转换为营养素摄入量；搜集的母亲产后4天的粪便样本，-20℃冷冻保存。
检测方法：应用Illumina高通量测序仪测定16S rRNA基因V4区序列。
研究结论：
膳食中高脂溶性维生素尤其是维生素D的摄入与微生物α多样性的降低有关；
维生素D、单不饱和脂肪、胆固醇和视黄醇与变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的相对增加有关，变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是已知包含多种病原体并具有促炎特性的门类；
饱和脂肪、维生素E和蛋白质与变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的相对减少有关。
脂肪和脂溶性维生素是母亲肠道微生物群最有效的膳食调节剂。
补充知识点：
挪威NoMIC队列：NoMIC是一个婴儿出生队列，目的是研究婴儿期肠道微生物群的建立及其对儿童健康的影响 [参考文献：Eggesbø M, Moen B, Peddada S, Baird D, Rugtveit J, Midtvedt T,Bushel PR, Sekelja M, Rudi K. Development of gut microbiota in infants notexposed to medical interventions. APMIS. 2011;119:17–35.]。该队列搜集的母亲产后4天的粪便样本，以及婴儿4、10、30、 120天，以及1岁和2岁的粪便样本。样本-20℃冷冻保存。
饮食记录问卷：食物频率问卷(FFQ)记录膳食摄入量，包括255种食物项目以及40组问题(下载地址：https://www.fhi.no/global./migrering/dokumenter/pdf/.-document-q2.pdf)
Figure 1. Correlation of dietary componentsand microbial compositions for subjects. a Heatmap showing correlations amongthe 34 dietary components using Pearson’s correlation coefficient between thestandardized dietary components. b Relative abundances of major phyla in the 60subjects, arranged according to decreasing relative abundance ofActinobacteria.
图 1. 受试者膳食成分与微生物组成的相关性。a使用标准化饮食成分之间的皮尔逊相关系数显示34种饮食成分之间的相关性的热图。b根据放线菌相对丰度的减少排列的60个受试者中主要门的相对丰度。