短文| TRIAC结构——论文段落的一种标准结构

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段落是论文的基石。一篇论文由一些非正式段落（如导航段落）和正式段落构成，其中，包含主题语句的主题段落是一种常用的正式段落。 本篇短文分享哥伦比亚大学的本科学院巴纳德学院（Barnard College）倡导的主题段落标准结构——TRIAC结构。

Paragraphingand Transitions       https://reacting.barnard.edu/sites/default/files/handoutparagraphingandtransitions_1.pdf

延伸阅读：段落的基本要求、衔接、类型与举例

一、TRIAC主题段落定义与要求

主题段落的一种标准结构是TRIAC结构，这种结构的段落按顺序给出主题语句（Topic Sentence）、重述或限制（Restatement or Restriction）、举证（Illustration）、分析（Analysis）和结论（Conclusion）。TRIAC即为Topic Sentence、Restatement、Illustration、Analysis和Conclusion的首写字母组合。

1)  主题语句：第一句介绍这一段的主题，要回答的问题。

2)  重述或限制：缩小主题范围，第二句可以重述或限制第一句所写的内容，使主题更加具体。

3)  举证：举出例子或证据。段落的这一部分由举证(证据、数据、事实、引述、推理等)组成，来支持你的主题句。一个段落中可以有多个举证。

4)  分析：评论、解释、解读或关联举证。指出例证的价值、意义、问题或影响。

5)  结论：最后一句回顾这段讨论的内容，再次强调举证和分析所暗示的内容，并再一次声明主题。

二、TRIAC主题段落举例

（主题语句）尽管素食主义经常与伦理和动物权利问题联系在一起，但对许多人来说，它仅仅意味着更健康的生活方式。（重述或限制）素食可以降低健康问题的风险，如高胆固醇、动脉阻塞，甚至癌症。（举证） 最近的证据表明，饮食中富含深绿色蔬菜的人患结肠癌的几率降低了40%。此外，切肉可以显著减少饱和脂肪的摄入。爱丽丝是一名大学生，也是一名七年素食主义者，她说，“因为我的遗传史，我认识到了我患癌症的可能性；当我父亲的医生让他严格节食时，我决定是时候放弃汉堡和意大利香肠了” 。（分析）选择减少牛肉和家禽可以帮助许多人更加意识到他们正在消费什么，这反过来会导致总体上更健康的烹饪和饮食方式。此外，没有必要成为严格意义上的素食者；对一些人来说，这仅仅意味着减少肉类摄入量，增加每餐的水果和蔬菜的摄入量 。（结论）这些调整本身是有益的，但不会完全改变个人的饮食习惯，这些改变可能会防止日后出现无数健康问题。

三、附录——相关内容的原文

TRIAC: Topic Sentence, Restatement, Illustration, Analysis and Conclusion

TRIAC is a writing pattern you can use at both the essay and paragraph level for strong organization and argument. You can also use it for revision, particularly as a method for bringing focus and coherence to your work. 

T: Topic Sentence. The first sentence introduces the subject of the paragraph. Answers the question, What are you writing about? 

R: Restatement or Restriction. Narrows the focus. The second sentence can restate or restrict what was written in the first sentence, making the subject more specific.

I: Illustration. Give examples/evidence. This portion of the paragraph consists of the illustrations (evidence, data, facts, quotes, reasoning, etc.) that support your topic sentence. You can have more than one I in a paragraph. 

A: Analysis. Comment, explain, interpret, or contextualize the illustrations that have been made. Never leave illustrations by themselves; their effectiveness lies in your analysis. Show value, significance, problems, or impact. You should have one A for each I in the paragraph. The more As and Is, the more fully developed your essay will be. 

C: Conclusion. Repeat or reflect topic. The final sentence might review what the paragraph has discussed, or it can re-emphasize what the illustration and analysis suggest. The portion might also identify or evaluation connections. Keep in mind that you are also setting yourself up to smoothly move into the next paragraph. 

Model TRIAC paragraph （举例）:

[T] Although vegetarianism has often been associated with issues or ethics and animals rights, for many people it is no more than means to a healthier lifestyle. [R] A vegetarian diet can reduce the risk of health problems such as high cholesterol, arterial clogging, and even cancer. [I] Recent evidence indicates that people with a diet rich in dark green vegetables had a 40% less chance of developing colon cancer. In addition, cutting meat out can dramatically reduce saturated fat intake. Alice, a university student and a seven-year vegetarian, says, “I recognized my potential for cancer because of my genetic history; when my father’s doctor put him on a strict no-meat diet, I decided it was time to give up burgers and pepperoni.” [A] Choosing to cut down beef and poultry can help many people to become more aware of what they are consuming, and it turn leads to overall more healthful style of cooking and eating. In addition, it is not necessary to become a vegetarian in the strictest sense of the word; for some people, it simply means cutting down on meat intake and increasing the amount of fruits and vegetables included in each meal. [C] These adjustments alone can be beneficial without completely altering the individual’s eating habits, and these changes may prevent a myriad of health problems later in life.

Adapted from Free/Style, by Chris Anderson. Dallas:Houghton Mifflin, 1992.