UK series 英国系列 14 | Did the UK Invent Soccer? 是英国发明了足球吗？
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Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world, it has a very long history and has undergone numerous changes throughout history, but who invented soccer? Was it invented in the UK or elsewhere in the world?
足球是世界上最受欢迎的运动之一，它有着悠久的历史也经过了无数的变化，但是谁发明了足球？它是在英国还是在世界其他地方发明的？
Earlier 早期
Various forms of sports involving a ball and feet have been documented throughout civilizations for 3000 years. A form of a ball made out of a rock was discovered in old Mesoamerican cultures 3000 years ago, the game was played as a ritual and the ball is said to symbolize the sun.
三千年来，各种形式的球和足类运动在各个文明历史中都有记载。3000年前，一种由岩石制成的球在中美洲古老文化中被发现的，这种运动被当作是一种仪式，据说这种球象征着太阳。
Other records have been found among the Greeks, Egyptians, and Chinese. The closest form of all these is the Chinese form which is named “Cuju,” “Tsu’Chu” and other varieties, the name itself means “Kicking the ball.” According to various records, the game must have been used as a training exercise for soldiers.
在希腊、埃及和中国文化中还发现了其他相关足球记录。其中最接近现代足球的形式是中国的“蹴鞠”、名称本意就是“踢球”的意思，据各种记载，这项运动可能是作为士兵的一项训练运动。
Tsu-Chu or Cuju is recognized as an ancient form of football.
蹴鞠被认为是一种早期的足球形式。
Tsu'Chu involved kicking a small leather ball into a net strung between two bamboo poles. The use of hands was not permitted, but a player could use his feet and other parts of his body.
蹴鞠的玩法是把一个小皮球踢进两根竹竿之间的网里，玩法是不允许用手，但球员可以用脚和身体的其他部位。
The main difference between Tsu'Chu and soccer was the height of the goal, which hung about 30 feet from the ground. From the introduction of Tsu'Chu onwards, soccer-like games spread throughout the world.
蹴鞠和足球的主要区别在于球门的高度，蹴鞠的球门离地面约30英尺的高度。从蹴鞠的引进开始，足球类的运动就传遍了全世界。
Many cultures had activities that centered on the use of their feet, including Japan's Kemari which is still played today. The Native Americans had Pahsaherman, the Indigenous Australians played Marn Grook, and the Moari’s had Ki-o-rahi, to name a few.
许多文化都有以脚的使用为中心的运动，包括至今仍存在的日本Kemari。美国本地的印第安人有帕萨赫曼，土著澳大利亚人玩玛恩·格罗克，摩押人有玩基奥·拉希等等。
The UK’s Role 英国的影响
Soccer began to evolve in modern Europe from the medieval period onwards. Somewhere around the 9th century, entire towns in England would kick a pig’s bladder from one landmark to another. The game was often seen as a nuisance and was even banned during some periods of Britain’s history.
足球从中世纪开始在现代欧洲发展。大约在9世纪，英格兰人会把整个城镇当作球场，玩法是把猪的膀胱从一个地标踢到另一个地标。这种玩法经常被视为一种令人讨厌的运动，甚至在英国历史的某些时期被禁止的。
Various forms of what is now known as "folk football" were played. Some of the British games pitted two massive and rather mob-like teams against one another. These could stretch from one end of a town to the other, with both teams trying to get the ball into their opponent's goal.
各种形式的现代“民间足球”运动也存在过，在英国的一些比赛中，两支由数百个人组成的、相当像暴民的队伍互相竞争。这些可能会从一个城镇的一端延伸到另一端，玩法是两队试图把球打进对方的球门。
It's said that the games were often low scoring. Standard rules were not enforced, so almost anything was allowed and play often became quite violent. Shrove Tuesday often saw the biggest games of the year and most matches were a big social event.
据说这类比赛往往得分很低。当时还没有标准规则，换句话说，你想怎么玩就怎么玩而且经常会变得相当暴力。在“Shrove Tuesday”经常会举办最大的比赛，大多数比赛都是相当大型的社交活动。
As the country industrialized, the space limitations of the cities and less leisure time for workers saw a decline in folk football. This was also partially attributed to legal concerns over the violence. Versions of folk football were also played in Germany, Italy, France, and other European countries.
随着国家的工业化，城市的空间限制和工人的闲暇时间减少，民间足球的活动次数也变少了。这也是归因于对暴力的法律关注。在德国、意大利、法国和其他欧洲国家也发展了自己民间足球的版本。
Modern Soccer 现代足球
The codification of soccer began in the public schools of Britain at the beginning of the 19th century.
足球的法典化始于19世纪初英国的公立学校。
Within the private school system "football" was a game in which the hands were used during periods of play and grappling allowed, but otherwise, the modern shape of soccer was being formed. Two barless goals were placed at each end, goalkeepers and tactics were introduced, and high tackles outlawed.
在私立学校体系中，“足球”曾是一种用手和格斗允许的运动，但就通过这些情况，足球就开始慢慢现代化了。当时双边各设计无杆球门，开始利用守门员和战术，高接球被宣布为犯规。
Yet, the rules varied greatly: some resembled the play of rugby, while others preferred kicking and dribbling. Space restraints did cool the game down from its violent origins, however.
然而，规则却大不相同：有些类似于橄榄球，而另一些则更喜欢踢和运球。不过，空间限制确实让这项从暴力起源变得非暴力的运动。
The rules and regulations continued to evolve in Britain and by the 1800s dedicated soccer clubs at schools began to emerge. Again, even in its semi-organized form, the rules stretched from rugby to modern soccer. Players often tripped each other and kicking an opponent in the shins was only frowned upon when he was being held.
英国对足球的规章制度不断发展，到19世纪，学校里专门的足球俱乐部开始出现。同样，即使是半组织形式，规则还是覆盖着橄榄球和现代足球。球员们经常互相绊倒，而踢对方的小腿只有在对方被抱着的时候才不受欢迎。
Over the years, schools began playing matches against one another. During this time players were still allowed to use their hands and were only permitted to pass the ball backward, as in rugby.
多年来，学校开始办理学院比赛。在这段时间里，球员们仍然可以用手，但是只能向后传球，就像橄榄球一样。
In 1848, the "Cambridge Rules" were established at Cambridge University. While this allowed students to move up in the ranks as they graduated and adult football clubs became more common, players could continue to handle the ball.
1848年，剑桥大学制定了“剑桥规则”。虽然这让学生们在毕业后可以快速晋升，加上成人足球俱乐部也变得越来越普遍，但球员们仍然还是可以用手的。
The game would, however, continue to develop for a long time and there was still much flexibility concerning the rules.
不过，这项运动将继续经过很长时间发展，在规则方面仍是很随意的。
For one thing, the number of players on the pitch could vary. It was also common with players wearing caps – the header was yet to be a part of the game yet. Another important difference at this stage could be noticed between English and Scottish teams.
首先，球场上的球员数量可能会有所不同。戴帽子的球员也很常见——头球还没有成为比赛的一部分。在这个阶段，英格兰队和苏格兰队之间的另一个重要区别可以被注意到。
Whereas the English teams preferred to run forward with the ball in a more rugby fashion, the Scottish chose to pass the ball between their players. It would be the Scottish approach that soon became predominant.
英格兰队更喜欢用橄榄球的方式带球向前跑，而苏格兰队则选择在球员之间传球。苏格兰的玩法很快就占了主导地位。
The sport was at first an entertainment for the British working class. Unprecedented amounts of spectators, up to 30,000, would see the big matches in the late 19th century. The game would soon expand by British peoples that traveled to other parts of the world. Especially in South America and India would the interest in football become big.
这项运动起初是英国工人的娱乐活动。多达30000人史无前例的观众在19世纪末观看大型比赛。英式足球很快被英国的游客们推广到世界其他地方，尤其是在南美和印度，人们对足球的兴趣开始越来越大。
Football Association 足球协会
The word soccer was derived from an abbreviation from the word association (Socc). The -er suffix was popular slang at the Rugby School and Oxford University and used for all sorts of nouns the young men shortened.
“Soccer”一词源自“Association”的缩写“Socc”。用“er”后缀是曾经在橄榄球学校和牛津大学流行的俚语，当时的年轻人经常用其缩写各种名词。
The association came from the formation of the Football Association (FA) on October 26, 1863. During this meeting, the FA attempted to bring together the different codes and systems used across Britain to form one accepted set of soccer rules. Carrying the ball was banned, as were the practices of shin-kicking and tripping.
这个协会是1863年10月26日足球协会成立时成立的。在这次会议上，英足总试图将英国各地使用的不同规则和体系结合起来，形成一套公认的足球规则。就这一天开始禁止用手拿球，还禁止踢对方的小腿和绊倒的习惯。
This led to the departure of the Blackheath club who preferred the rougher rugby style of play. Eleven clubs remained and the rules were agreed upon. However, even in the 1870s, a number of regions in Britain continued to play by their own rules.
因为布莱克希思俱乐部反对，这个俱乐部就离开了现场，他们更喜欢粗野的橄榄球风格。剩下的11个俱乐部都接受了新规则。然而，即使在19世纪70年代，英国的一些地区仍继续按自己的规则行事。
Commercialization of Soccer 足球商业化
Over the years, more clubs joined the FA until the number reached 128 by 1887. The country finally had a nearly uniform rule structure in place.
后几年，越来越多的俱乐部加入了足总，直到1887年达到128个，在这个时候，英国终于有了一个几乎统一的足球规则。
In 1872, the first Football Association Cup was played. Other divisions were formed, including the Football League in 1888 in the north and midlands of the country, and the first championship league games were played. According to FA rules, players must remain amateurs and not receive pay.
1872年，第一届足协杯举行的。其他联赛也成立了，包括1888年在英国北部和中部的足球联赛，并举行了第一次锦标赛。根据足协的规定，球员必须是业余球员，不能领工资。
This became an issue in the 1870s when a few clubs charged admission to spectators. Players were obviously not happy and demanded compensation for their training and game time. As the popularity of the sport grew, so did spectators and revenue.
这在19世纪70年代成为了一个问题，原因是当时有一些俱乐部向观众要收门票。球员们显然不高兴，要求足球俱乐部赔偿他们的训练和比赛时间。随着这项运动的普及，观众和收入也在增加。
Eventually, clubs decided to begin paying and soccer turned into a professional sport.
最终，俱乐部决定开始给球员报酬，就在这个时候，足球变成了一项职业运动。
Soccer Goes Global 足球走向世界
It did not take long for other European countries to adopt the British love for soccer.
不久，其他欧洲国家也开始爱上足球。
Leagues began popping up throughout the world: the Netherlands and Denmark in 1889, Argentina in 1893, Chile, Switzerland and Belgium in 1895, Italy in 1898, Germany and Uruguay in 1900, Hungary in 1901, and Finland in 1907.
联赛开始在世界各地涌现：1889在年荷兰和丹麦，1893年在阿根廷，1895年在智利，瑞士和比利时，1898年在意大利，1900年在德国和乌拉圭，1901年在匈牙利，1907年在芬兰等等都开始办联赛。
It was not until 1903 that France formed their league, even though they had adopted the British sport long before.
而直到1903年，法国才成立了自己的足球联盟，尽管他们早就开始采用了英式足球。
The International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) was formed in Paris in 1904 with seven members. This included Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Germany announced its intention to join the same day.
国际足联于1904年在巴黎成立，当时只有7名成员。其中包括比利时、丹麦、法国、荷兰、西班牙、瑞典和瑞士。德国当天也宣布有意加入。
In 1930, the first-ever FIFA World Cup was held in Uruguay. There were 41 members of FIFA at the time and it has remained the pinnacle of the soccer world ever since. Today it boasts over 200 members and the World Cup is one of the biggest events of the year.
1930年，第一届世界杯在乌拉圭举行的。当时国际足联有了41名成员，此后一直是足球界的顶峰时期。如今，它拥有200多名成员，世界杯是如今最大的赛事之一。
The name of the game: football or soccer? 足球运动的英文名称问题
In most parts of the world, football is used as the name for the “chess of the green pitch”. In the United States and Canada, however, soccer is used instead as a distinction from American football. A more formal name sometimes used is association football, but in popular speech, it is either football or soccer.
在世界大多数地区，足球被称为“Football”。然而，在美国和加拿大，“Soccer”被用作区别于美式足球和足球。有时使用的一个更正式的名称是协会足球，但在流行的讲话中，它如果不是Football那就是Soccer。
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