【研究】Groundwater | Volume 58, Issue 6 （2020收官）
自2020年年初起，达西环境DE公众号将对《Groundwater》期刊每期论文开始传送，《Groundwater》期刊为双月刊。转眼一年过去了，下面是2020年第6期刊发论文，也是今年最后一期了，GW完美收官！供阅览。
前5期可见页面最后的“往期推荐”。
Guest Editorial
Groundwater “Durability” Not “Sustainability”?
WarrenW. Wood
地下水的“持久性”不是“可持续性”？
Issue Paper
Coastal Resiliency Groundwater Considerations
DanielJ. Rozell
沿海恢复地下水注意事项
Research Papers
1.The Enrichment Process of Groundwater Fluorine in SeaWater Intrusion Area of Gaomi City, China
by Qiao Chen, Decheng Hao, Zongjun Gao, Mengjie Shi, Min Wang, Jianguo Feng, QinghaiDeng, Lu Xia, Chunrong Zhang, Yongbo Yu
中国高密市海水入侵区地下水氟富集过程
Atypical area, Gaomi City in China, was chosen to discuss the enrichment processof groundwater fluorine in sea water intrusion area. The groundwater had fluorinelevels of 0.09–10.99 mg/L, with an average concentration of 1.38 mg/L. The high‐fluorine groundwater was mainlydistributed in the unconsolidated Quaternary sediments, where concentrations in83.6% of the samples exceeded the national limit of 1.0 mg/L. The groundwaterin the Quaternary sediments also had higher levels of Cl−, TDS, Mg2+,and pH and lower levels of Ca2+, Co, Ni, and Cu than that in the bedrock.The groundwater fluorine levels in the Quaternary sediments are positivelycorrelated with Cl−, TDS, Mg2+, pH, and negativelycorrelated with Ca2+, γCa2+/γMg2+, Co, Ni, Cu.Geochemical indices of Cl− and TDS indicate sea water intrusionin the Quaternary high‐fluorinegroundwater area (F− > 1.0 mg/L), while they do not indicate anyintrusion in the bedrock area. The chemical weathering of minerals was intensifiedwith the intrusion of sea water. Cation exchange was confirmed to occur in theQuaternary sediments and was promoted by sea water intrusion. Cation exchangeconsumes part of groundwater Ca2+ and permits more F− dissolving.Consequently, in the Quaternary sediments, the groundwater was supersaturatedwith CaF2 minerals and undersaturated with MgF2 mineralswhen F− > 1.0 mg/L, while CaF2 and MgF2 mineralsboth are undersaturated when F− < 1.0 mg/L. Thus, the chemicalweathering of minerals and cation exchange caused by sea water intrusion arethe crucial processes controlling the groundwater fluorine levels, which shouldbe considered when the groundwater fluorine enrichment mechanism is discussedalong coastal zones.
选择了一个典型的地区，中国的高密市，来讨论海水入侵区中地下水氟的富集过程。地下水中的氟含量为0.09–10.99mg / L，平均浓度为1.38 mg / L。高氟地下水主要分布在未固结的第四纪沉积物中，其中83.6％的样品浓度超过了1.0 mg / L的国家限值。与基岩相比，第四纪沉积物中的地下水中Cl-，TDS，Mg2+和pH值也较高，而Ca2 +，Co，Ni和Cu的含量较低。第四纪沉积物中地下水的氟水平与Cl-，TDS，Mg2+，pH呈正相关，与Ca2 +，γCa2+/γMg2+，Co，Ni，Cu呈负相关。Cl-和TDS的地球化学指标表明在第四纪高氟地下水区域（F-> 1.0 mg / L）出现了海水入侵，而没有表明基岩区域有任何入侵。海水的入侵加剧了矿物的化学风化作用。已证实在第四纪沉积物中发生了阳离子交换，并且海水入侵促进了阳离子交换。阳离子交换消耗一部分地下水Ca2 +，并允许更多的F-溶解。因此，在第四纪沉积物中，当F-> 1.0 mg / L时，地下水中的CaF2矿物质过饱和，而MgF2矿粉则不饱和；而当F-<1.0 mg / L时，CaF2和MgF2矿物质均过饱和。因此，由海水入侵引起的矿物化学风化和阳离子交换是控制地下水氟水平的关键过程，在探讨沿海地区地下水氟富集机理时应考虑这些因素。
2. A Flux Detection Probe to Quantify Dynamic Groundwater‐Surface Water Exchange in the Hyporheic Zone
by Jonathan Thomle, Chris Strickland, Tim C. Johnson, YueZhu, James Stegen
通量检测探头量化在干旱区的动态地下水-地表水交换
A new probe wasdesigned to quantify groundwater‐surface water exchange in the hyporheic zone underdynamic stage condition. Current methods focus on either vertical pore watervelocity or Darcy flux measurements. Both parameters must be understood toevaluate residence time and mass flux of constituents. Furthermore, mostinstruments are not well suited for monitoring instantaneous velocity or fluxunder dynamic exchange conditions. For this reason, the flux detection probe(FDP) was designed that employs electrogeophysical measurements to estimate insitu sediment porosity, which can be used to convert pore water velocity to Darcyflux. Dynamic pore water velocity is obtained by monitoring fluid conductivityand temperature along the FDP probe. Pressure sensors deployed at the top andbottom of the probe provide the additional information necessary to estimatevertical permeability. This study focuses on the use of a geophysical method toestimate pore water velocity, porosity, and permeability within a controlledsoil column where simulated river water displaces simulated groundwater. Thedifference between probe derived and theoretical pore water velocity usingnatural tracers such as electrical conductivity and temperature was −4.9 and3.9% for downward flow and 1.1 and 12.8% for upward flow, respectively. Thedifference in porosity calculated from mass and volume packed in the soilcolumn and probe measure porosity ranged between −3.2% and 1.5%. Also, thecalculated hydraulic conductivity differed from probe derived values by −8.9%.
设计了一种新的探头，以量化动态阶段条件下流变带中地下水-地表水交换。当前的方法集中于垂直孔隙水速度或达西通量测量。必须理解这两个参数才能评估组分的停留时间和质量通量。此外，大多数仪器都不适合在动态交换条件下监测瞬时速度或通量。因此，设计了一种通量检测探头（FDP），它采用电地球物理测量方法来估算原位沉积物孔隙度，该孔隙度可用于将孔隙水速度转换为达西通量。通过监测沿FDP探头的流体电导率和温度来获得动态孔隙水速度。部署在探头顶部和底部的压力传感器提供了估计垂直渗透率所需的附加信息。这项研究的重点是使用地球物理方法来估算受控河床中孔隙水的流速，孔隙率和渗透率，其中模拟河水取代了模拟地下水。使用自然示踪剂（例如电导率和温度），探针得出的孔隙水速度与理论孔隙水速度之间的差分别为向下流量为-4.9和3.9％，向上流量为1.1和12.8％。根据填充在土壤柱中的质量和体积以及探针测量的孔隙率计算得出的孔隙率差异在-3.2％至1.5％之间。同样，计算出的水力传导率与探头推导值相差-8.9％。
3. Use of Sonication for Enhanced Sampling of Attached Microbes from Groundwater Systems
by Murray Close, Phil Abraham, Judith Webber, Eliza Cowey,Bronwyn Humphries, Graham Fenwick, SimonHoward, Kimberly Huynh, Travis Grace, Pierre‐Yves Dupont, Louise Weaver
使用超声处理增强对地下水系统中附着微生物的采样
The vast majority ofmicroorganisms in aquifers live as biofilms on sediment surfaces, whichpresents significant challenges for sampling as only the suspended microbeswill be sampled through normal pumping. The use of a down‐well low frequency sonicator has been suggested as amethod of detaching microbes from the biofilm and allowing rapid sampling ofthis community. We developed a portable, easy to use, low‐frequency electric sonicator and evaluated itsperformance for a range of well depths (tested up to 42 m below ground level)and casing types. Three sonicators were characterized in laboratory experimentsusing a 1 m long tank filled with pea gravel. These included a commerciallyavailable pneumatic sonicator, a rotating flexible shaft sonicator, and theprototype electric sonicator. The electric sonicator detached between 56 and 74%of microbes grown on gravel‐containing biobags at distances ranging between 2 and50 cm from the sonicator. The field testing comprises of a total of 55 samplingevents from 48 wells located in 4 regions throughout New Zealand. Pre‐ and post‐sonication samples showed an average 33 times increase inbacterial counts. Microbial sequence data showed that the same classes arepresent in pre‐ and post‐sonicated samples and only slight differences were seenin the proportions present. The sampling process was rapid and the significantincreases in bacterial counts mean that microbial samples can be quicklyobtained from wells, which permits more detailed analysis than previouslypossible.
含水层中的绝大多数微生物以生物膜的形式沉积在沉积物表面，这给采样带来了巨大的挑战，因为只有悬浮的微生物将通过常规抽水进行采样。有人建议使用井下低频超声仪作为从生物膜上分离微生物并允许对该群落进行快速采样的一种方法。我们开发了一种便携式，易于使用的低频电声波发生器，并评估了其在一系列井深（测试至地平面以下42µm）和套管类型下的性能。在实验室实验中，使用装有豌豆砾石的1 m长的水箱对三个超声波仪进行了表征。其中包括市售的气动超声仪，旋转挠性轴超声仪和原型电超声仪。电动超声仪可将含有砾石的生物袋上生长的微生物中的56％至74％分离出来，距离超声仪2至50cm。现场测试包括来自新西兰4个地区的48口井的总共55个采样事件。超声处理前和超声后样品显示细菌计数平均增加33倍。微生物序列数据表明，超声处理前和超声处理后的样品中存在相同的类别，并且在存在的比例中仅见微小差异。采样过程非常迅速，细菌数量的显着增加意味着可以从孔中快速获取微生物样品，从而可以比以前进行更详细的分析。
4.Distributed Temperature Sensing to Measure Infiltration Rates Across a Groundwater Recharge Basin
by Ricardo Medina, Christine Pham, Megan H. Plumlee, AdamHutchinson, Matthew W. Becker, Patrick J. O'Connell
分布式温度传感来衡量渗透率跨越地下水补给盆地
Managed aquiferrecharge is used to augment groundwater resources and provide resiliency to watersupplies threatened by prolonged droughts. It is important that rechargefacilities operate at their maximum efficiency to increase the volume of waterstored for future use. In this study, we evaluate the use of distributedtemperature sensing (DTS) technology as a tool to measure high‐resolution infiltration rates at a large‐scale recharge facility. Fiber optic cable was laid outinside a spreading basin in a spiral pattern, at two different depths. Thecables measured the propagation of diurnal surface water temperatureoscillations into the basin depth. The rate of heat propagation is proportionalto the velocity of the water, making it possible to estimate the infiltrationrate from the temperature measurements. Our results showed that the infiltrationrate calculated from DTS, averaged over the entire basin, was within 5% of theinfiltration rate calculated using a conventional metering method. The high‐resolution data obtained from DTS, both spatially andtemporally, revealed heterogeneous infiltration rates throughout the basin;furthermore, tracking the evolution of infiltration rates over time revealedregions with consistently high infiltration rates, regions with consistentlylow infiltration rates, and regions that evolved from high to low rates, whichsuggested clogging within that region. Water utilities can take advantage ofthe high‐resolutioninformation obtained from DTS to better manage recharge basins and makedecisions about cleaning schedule, frequency, and extent, leading to improvedbasin management strategies, reduced O&M costs, and increased groundwaterrecharge.
管理含水层补给用于增加地下水资源，并为遭受长期干旱威胁的供水提供弹性。重要的是，补给设施应以其最大效率运转，以增加储存的水量，以备将来使用。在这项研究中，我们评估使用分布式温度传感（DTS）技术作为测量大型补给设施中高分辨率渗透率的工具。将光缆以螺旋状布设在散布盆内，深度为两个不同。电缆测量了昼夜地表水温度振荡向盆地深度的传播。热量的传播速度与水的速度成正比，因此可以根据温度测量值估算渗透率。我们的结果表明，根据DTS计算的整个盆地的平均入渗率，是使用常规计量方法计算出的入渗率的5％以内。从DTS获得的高分辨率数据，无论在空间上还是在时间上，都揭示了整个盆地的非均质渗透率。此外，跟踪渗透率随时间的演变揭示了渗透率始终较高的区域，渗透率始终较低的区域以及从高速率演变为低速率的区域，这表明该区域内发生了堵塞。自来水公司可以利用从DTS获得的高分辨率信息来更好地管理补给盆地，并就清洗时间表，频率和范围做出决策，从而改善流域管理策略，降低运维成本和增加地下水补给。
5. Can Karst Conduit Models Be Calibrated? A Dual Approach Using Dye Tracing and Temperature
byJames L. Berglund, Laura Toran, Ellen K. Herman
岩溶导管模型可以校准吗？使用染料追踪和温度的双重方法
Modelingflow and transport using both temperature and dye tracing provides constraintsthat can improve understanding of karst networks. A laminar flow and transportmodel using the finite element subsurface flow model simulated the conduitconnection between a sinking stream and spring in central Pennsylvania toevaluate how conduit morphology might affect dye transport. Single and overlytortuous conduit models resulted in high concentrations as dye flowed back intothe conduit from the matrix after dye injections ceased. A forked conduit modeldiverted flow from the main conduit, reducing falling limb dye concentration.Latin hypercube sampling was performed to evaluate the sensitivity of 52parameter combinations (conduit hydraulic conductivity, conduit cross‐sectionalarea, matrix transmissivity, matrix porosity, and dispersivity) for fourconduit geometry scenarios. Sensitivity of arrival time for 50% of the dyeindicated no parameter combinations which simulate falling limb dyeconcentrations for tortuous geometries, confirming the importance of the forkedgeometry regardless of other parameters. Temperature data from high‐resolutionloggers were then incorporated into the forked conduit model to reproduceseasonal spring temperature using variable sink inflow. Unlike the dye tracemodels, the thermal models were sensitive to other model parameters, such asconduit cross‐sectional area and matrixtransmissivity. These results showed this dual approach (dye and temperature)to karst network modeling is useful for (1) exploring the role of conduit and matrixinteraction for contaminant storage, (2) constraining karst conduit geometries,which are often poorly understood, and (3) quantifying the effect of seasonaltrends on karst aquifers.
使用温度和染料示踪对流和运输进行建模提供了一些约束条件，可以改善对喀斯特网络的了解。使用有限元地下流模型的层流和传输模型模拟了宾夕法尼亚州中部下沉流和弹簧之间的导管连接，以评估导管形态如何影响染料的传输。染料注入停止后，由于染料从基质流回导管，因此单个且过度弯曲的导管模型导致浓度很高。叉形导管模型转移了从主导管流出的流量，从而降低了下降的肢体染料浓度。进行了拉丁超立方体采样，以评估在四种导管几何情况下52个参数组合（导管水力传导率，导管截面积，基体透射率，基体孔隙率和分散性）的敏感性。 50％染料到达时间的敏感性表明没有参数组合可以模拟曲折几何形状的下降肢体染料浓度，从而证实了分叉几何形状的重要性，而与其他参数无关。然后将高分辨率记录仪的温度数据合并到叉形导管模型中，以使用可变的水槽流入量来再现季节性的春季温度。与染料迹线模型不同，热模型对其他模型参数敏感，例如导管横截面积和基质透射率。这些结果表明，岩溶网络建模的这种双重方法（染料和温度）可用于（1）探索导管和基质相互作用在污染物存储中的作用；（2）限制通常难以理解的岩溶导管几何形状，以及（3））量化季节性趋势对岩溶含水层的影响。
6.Using Generative Adversarial Networks as a Fast Forward Operator for HydrogeologicalInverse Problems
byYasin Dagasan, Przemysław Juda, Philippe Renard
使用生成对抗网络作为水文地质反问题的快进算子
Subsurfacecharacterization using inverse techniques constitutes one of the fundamentalelements of hydrogeological modeling applications. Available methods to solveinverse problems rely on a forward operator that predicts state variables for agiven set of subsurface parameters. As the number of model parameters to beestimated increases, forward operations incur a significant computationaldemand. In this paper, we investigate the use of conditional generativeadversarial networks (cGAN) as an emulator for the forward operator in thecontext of a hydrogeological inverse problem. We particularly investigate ifthe cGAN can be used to replace the forward operator used in the adaptive importancesampling method posterior population expansion (PoPEx) with reasonable accuracyand feasible computation requirement. The cGAN model trained on channelizedgeological structures has shown that the cGAN is able to reproduce the statevariables corresponding to a certain parameter field. Hence, its integration inPoPEx yielded satisfactory results. In terms of the computational demand, theuse of cGAN as a surrogate forward model reduces the required computationaltime up to 80% for the problem defined in the study. However, the training timerequired to create a model seems to be the major drawback of the method.
使用反演技术进行地下表征是水文地质建模应用程序的基本要素之一。解决反问题的可用方法依赖于正向算子，该算子为给定的地下参数集预测状态变量。随着要估计的模型参数数量的增加，前向操作会产生大量的计算需求。在本文中，我们研究了条件生成对抗网络（cGAN）在水文地质反问题背景下作为前向算子的仿真器的用途。我们特别研究了cGAN是否可以以合理的准确性和可行的计算需求来替代自适应重要性抽样方法后人口扩展（PoPEx）中使用的正向算子。在通道化地质结构上训练的cGAN模型表明，cGAN能够再现对应于某个参数字段的状态变量。因此，将其集成到PoPEx中产生了令人满意的结果。在计算需求方面，对于研究中定义的问题，使用cGAN作为替代正向模型可将所需的计算时间减少多达80％。但是，创建模型所需的训练时间似乎是该方法的主要缺点。
7.Groundwater Impacts from the M5.8 Earthquake in Korea as Determined by Integrated Monitoring Systems
bySoo‐Hyoung Lee, Jae Min Lee, HeesungYoon, Yongcheol Kim, Seho Hwang, Kyoochul Ha, Yongje Kim
综合监测系统确定的韩国M5.8地震对地下水的影响
Thispaper describes the impacts of the M5.8(5.1) Gyeongju earthquakes ongroundwater levels using data obtained from a unique coastal monitoring well.The monitoring strategy integrates conventional water level monitoring withperiodic, continuous measurements of temperature and electrical conductivity(EC) within the water column of the well. Another important component of themonitoring system is a new instrument, the InterfacEGG, which is capable ofdynamically tracking the freshwater‐saltwater interface.Although the system was set up to monitor seawater intrusion related to over‐pumping,as well as rainfall and tidal effects, it recorded impacts associated with alarge earthquake and aftershocks approximately 241 km away. Seismic energiesassociated with the M5.8(5.1) Gyeongju earthquakes induced groundwater flows tothe monitoring well through fractures and joints in the crystalline basementrocks. Temperature and EC logging data showed that the EC vertical profiledeclined from an average of approximately 5300 to 4800 μS/cm following theearthquakes. The temperature profile showed a trend toward lower temperaturesas the depth increased, a feature not commonly observed in previous studies.Data from the InterfacEGG suggested that the rise in EC was not due to thesaltwater intrusion, but from the tendency for brackish water entering theborehole to induce convective mixing at deeper depths as the seismic wavestravel through the well‐aquifer system. The increasein groundwater levels was caused by pulse of colder, less brackish waterflowing into the well because of the earthquake. This behavior reflects anenhancement in rock permeability by removing precipitates and colloidalparticles from clogged fractures, which improve the hydraulic connection with anearby unit with a higher hydraulic head. This study suggests there is valueadded with a more aggressive monitoring strategy.
本文使用从独特的沿海监测井获得的数据来描述庆州M5.8（5.1）地震对地下水位的影响。监控策略将常规水位监控与井水柱内温度和电导率（EC）的定期，连续测量相结合。监测系统的另一个重要组成部分是新仪器InterfacEGG，它能够动态跟踪淡水-盐水界面。尽管建立了该系统来监视与过度泵入有关的海水入侵以及降雨和潮汐影响，但该系统记录了与大地震和大约241公里以外的余震有关的影响。与庆州M5.8（5.1）地震相关的地震能量使地下水通过结晶基底岩石中的裂缝和节理流向监测井。温度和EC测井数据表明，地震后EC的垂直剖面从平均约5300下降至4800μS/cm。随着深度的增加，温度曲线显示出温度趋于降低的趋势，这是以前研究中不常见的特征。来自InterfacEGG的数据表明，EC的升高并不是由于盐水的入侵，而是由于微咸水进入井眼会在地震波穿过井-含水层系统时在更深的深度引起对流混合的趋势。地下水水位的增加是由于地震造成的冷，微咸水流入井中而引起的。此行为反映出通过从堵塞的裂缝中去除沉淀物和胶体颗粒，岩石渗透性得到了增强，从而改善了与附近液压头更高的单元的液压连接。这项研究表明，更具积极性的监测策略可以带来附加值。
8. Spatio temporal Analysis of ExtractedGroundwater Volumes Estimated from Electricity Consumption
by Hone‐JayChu, Cheng‐WeiLin, Thomas J. Burbey, Muhammad Zeeshan Ali
通过用电量估算抽取地下水量的时空分析
Landsubsidence caused by groundwater overexploitation is a serious global problem.The acquisition of spatiotemporal pumping rates and volumes is a first step forwater managers to develop a strategic plan for mitigating land subsidence. Thisstudy investigates an empirical formulation to estimate the monthly maximumpumped volume over a 10‐year period based on electricpower consumption data. A spatiotemporal variability analysis of monthly pumpedvolume is developed to provide an improved understanding of seasonal pumpingpatterns and the role of irrigation type. The analysis of regional pumpedvolume provides an approximation of the spatiotemporal patterns of thevariations in pumped volume. Results show the effects of climate, seasonalchanges in pumping from irrigation, and the local differences in pumping causedto crop types. A seasonal pumped volume peak occurs annually, with the highestand least pumped volumes occurring in March (highest peak) and September (lowestpeak), respectively. However, the majority of the historical maximum pumpedvolumes have occurred during the last few years. Extracted volumes continue toincrease in some locations. The analysis reveals increasing trends in pumping,thereby possibly providing the locations where increased effective stresses maylead to land subsidence.
地下水过度开采引起的地面沉降是一个严重的全球性问题。时空抽水速率和水量的获得是水管理人员制定缓解土地沉降战略计划的第一步。这项研究调查了一个经验公式，根据电力消耗数据估算了十年内每月的最大抽水量。进行了每月抽水量的时空变化分析，以更好地了解季节性抽水方式和灌溉类型的作用。区域抽水量的分析提供了抽水量变化的时空模式的近似值。结果显示了气候的影响，灌溉抽水的季节性变化以及作物类型造成的抽水局部差异。季节性抽水量高峰每年发生一次，最高和最小抽水量分别发生在3月（最高峰）和9月（最低峰）。但是，历史上最大的抽水量大多数发生在最近几年。在某些位置提取量继续增加。分析表明抽水趋势不断增加，从而可能提供有效应力增加可能导致地面沉降的位置。
9. Groundwater Model Simulations of Stakeholder‐IdentifiedScenarios in a High‐Conflict Irrigated Area
byMaribeth Kniffin, Kenneth R. Bradbury, Michael Fienen, Kenneth Genskow
高冲突灌溉区利益相关者确定方案的地下水模型模拟
Thisstudy investigated collaborative groundwater‐flow modeling andscenario analysis in the Little Plover River basin, Wisconsin, USA where anunconfined aquifer supplies groundwater for agricultural irrigation, industrialprocessing, municipal water supply, and stream baseflow. We recruitedstakeholders with diverse interests to identify, prioritize, and evaluatescenarios defined as management changes to the landscape. Using a groundwaterflow model, we simulated the top 10 stakeholder‐ranked scenarios underhistorically informed dry, average, and wet weather conditions and evaluatedthe ability of scenarios to meet government‐defined stream flowperformance measures. Results show that multiple changes to the landscape arenecessary to maintain optimum stream flow, particularly during dry years. Yet,when landscape changes from three scenarios—transferring water from the localwaste water treatment plant to basin headwaters, moving municipal wells furtherfrom the river and downstream, and converting 240 acre (97 ha) of irrigatedland to unirrigated land—were simulated in combination, the probability ofmeeting or exceeding optimum flows rose to 75, 65, and 34% at upper, mid, andlower stream gages, respectively, in dry climate conditions. Discussions with stakeholdersreveal that the collaborative model and scenario analysis process resulted in sociallearning that built upon the existing complex and dynamic institutionallandscape. The approach provided a forum for solution‐baseddiscussions, and the model served as an important mediation tool for thedevelopment and evaluation of community‐defined scenarios in ahigh conflict environment. Today, stakeholders continue to work collaborativelyto overcome challenges and implement voluntary solutions in the basin.
这项研究调查了美国威斯康星州Little Plover流域的协作地下水流模型和情景分析，那里含水层为农业灌溉，工业加工，市政供水和河流基流提供地下水。我们招募了具有不同兴趣的利益相关者，以识别，确定优先级并评估定义为管理变化的方案。使用地下水流量模型，我们模拟了在历史上已知的干旱，平均和潮湿天气条件下排名前10位的利益相关者情景，并评估了情景满足政府定义的流量绩效指标的能力。结果表明，要保持最佳溪流流量，必须对景观进行多次改变，尤其是在干旱年份。然而，当景观从三种情况改变时：将水从当地废水处理厂转移到流域上游水源，将市政井从河流和下游进一步转移，并将240英亩（97公顷）灌溉土地转换为非灌溉土地，结合起来，在干旱气候条件下，在上游，中部和下游的流量表达到或超过最佳流量的可能性分别上升到75％，65％和34％。与利益相关者的讨论表明，协作模型和情景分析过程导致了基于现有复杂而动态的机构环境的社会学习。该方法为基于解决方案的讨论提供了一个论坛，该模型充当了重要的中介工具，用于在高度冲突的环境中开发和评估社区定义的方案。如今，利益相关者继续合作以克服挑战并在流域实施自愿解决方案。
Methods Note
1. A New R Program for Flow‐LogAnalysis of Single Holes (FLASH‐R)
byMarcos B. Barbosa, Neil Terry, Frederick D. Day‐Lewis, Reginaldo Bertolo,John W. Lane Jr
用于单孔流向记录分析的新R程序（FLASH-R）
Anew version of the computer program FLASH (Flow‐Log Analysis of SingleHoles) is presented for the analysis of borehole vertical flow logs to estimatefracture (or layer) transmissivities and far‐field hydraulic heads.The program is written in R, an open‐source environment. Allprevious features have been retained and new features incorporated includingmore rigorous parameter estimation, uncertainty analysis, and improved dataimport. The program has a dynamic user interface compatible with most operatingsystems.
提出了一种新版本的计算机程序FLASH（单孔流日志分析），用于分析井眼垂直流日志，以估计裂缝（或层）透射率和远场液压头。该程序是用R程序（一种开源环境）编写的。保留了所有以前的功能，并合并了新功能，包括更严格的参数估计，不确定性分析和改进的数据导入。该程序具有与大多数操作系统兼容的动态用户界面。
2.Improved Parameter Resolution with Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation of Different Aquifer Tests
by Tomas Perina
马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗模拟不同含水层测试的改进参数分辨率
Hydraulic testing foraquifer characterization at contaminated sites often includes tests of shortduration and of different types, such as slug tests and pumping tests,conducted at different phases of investigation. Tests conducted on a wellcluster installed in a single aquifer can be combined in aggregate inverseanalysis using an analytical model for groundwater flow near a test well. Agenetic algorithm performs parallel search of the parameter space and providesstarting parameter values for a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation to estimatethe parameter distribution. This sequence of inverse methods avoids guessing ofthe initial parameter vector and the often encountered difficult convergence ofgradient‐based methods and estimates the parameter covariancematrix from a distribution rather than from a single point in the parameterspace. Combination of different tests improves the resolution of the estimatedaquifer properties and allows an assessment of the uniformity of the aquifer.Estimated parameter correlations and standard deviations are used as relativemetrics to distinguish well resolved and poorly resolved parameters. Themethodology is demonstrated on example field tests in unconfined and leakyaquifers.
在受污染场所进行含水层表征的水力测试通常包括持续时间短且类型不同的测试，例如在研究的不同阶段进行的段塞测试和抽水测试。使用安装在测试井附近的地下水分析模型，可以将对安装在单个含水层中的井群进行的测试与总逆分析结合起来。遗传算法对参数空间执行并行搜索，并为马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗模拟提供初始参数值，以估计参数分布。这一系列的逆方法避免了对初始参数向量的猜测以及基于梯度的方法经常遇到的困难收敛，并且从分布而不是从参数空间中的单个点估计参数协方差矩阵。组合不同的测试可以提高估计的含水层特性的分辨率，并可以评估含水层的均匀性。估计的参数相关性和标准偏差用作相对指标，以区分分辨良好和分辨较差的参数。在无限制和泄漏的含水层中的示例现场测试中演示了该方法。
Case Study
1．Hydrochemical Relation Between ShallowGroundwater with Elevated Fluoride and Groundwater in Underlying Carbonates
by Yan Dou, Ken Howard, Liwei Yang, Dong Wang, Li Guo
浅层氟化物与地下碳酸盐岩中地下水之间的水化学关系
Inthe arid to semi‐arid district of Chengcheng, WeinanCity, in central Shaanxi Province, diminishing groundwater reserves in theshallow Quaternary (QLB) aquifer and elevated fluoride in the similarly shallowPermo‐Triassic (PTF) aquifer, havepromoted interest in the development of groundwater resources in the deep butpoorly understood Cambrian‐Ordovician carbonateaquifer system (COC). To investigate the origin of the COC groundwaters and therelationship between the deep and shallower systems, a hydrochemical study wasundertaken involving 179 major and minor ion analyses, 39 stable isotope analyses(δD and δ18O), and 14 carbon isotope analyses (14C and δ13C). PHREEQC 3.0 wasused to investigate mixing. Hydrochemical data support the presence of a well‐connectedregional flow system extending southwards from the more mountainous north.Stable isotope data indicate that the COC groundwaters originate as soil zoneinfiltration, under a much cooler regime than is found locally today. This isconfirmed by 14C, which indicates the groundwater to be palaeowater rechargedduring the late Pleistocene (∼10–12 ka B.P.). The presence of nitrate in the COCgroundwaters suggests leakage from overlying shallow aquifers currentlyprovides an additional source of COC recharge, with major faults possiblyproviding the primary pathways for downward vertical flow.
2．An Application of HFE‐D forEvaluating Sea Water Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers of Southern Vietnam
ThiThuy Van Le, Rungruang Lertsirivorakul, Tran Vuong Bui, Marcia K. Schulmeister
HFE-D在越南南部沿海含水层海水入侵评估中的应用
Thecoastal aquifers and inland waters of the Long Xuyen Quadrangle and Ca MauPeninsula of southern Vietnam have been significantly impacted by sea waterintrusion (SI) as a result of recent anthropogenic activities. This studyidentified the evolution and spatial distribution of hydrochemical conditionsin coastal aquifers at this region using Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram(HFE‐D) and Geographical InformationSystem mapping. Hydraulic heads and water chemistry were measured at 31 observationwells in four layered aquifers during dry and rainy seasons in early (2005),and more recent (2016), stages of agricultural development. Hydrochemicalfacies associated with intrusion or freshening stages were mapped in eachaquifer after assigning mixing index values to each facies. The position ofgroundwater freshening and SI phases differed in Holocene, Upper Pleistocene,Middle Pleistocene, and Lower Pleistocene aquifers. The geographic position offreshening and intrusion fronts differ in dry and rainy seasons, and shiftedafter 11 years of groundwater abstraction in all four aquifers. The spatial andtemporal differences in hydrochemical facies distributions according to HFE‐Dreflect the relative impact of SI in the four aquifers. The study resultsprovide a better understanding of the evolution of groundwater qualityassociated with SI in a peninsular coastal aquifer system, and highlight theneed for improving groundwater quality and management in similar coastalregions.
沿海含水层和龙川四角和越南南部的金瓯半岛内陆水域沿海含水层和内陆水域由于最近的人为活动而受到海水入侵的严重影响。这项研究使用水化学相演化图（HFE-D）和地理信息系统制图确定了该地区沿海含水层中水化学条件的演化和空间分布。在农业发展早期（2005年）和最近（2016年）干旱和雨季期间，在四个分层含水层的31个观测井中测量了水头和水化学。将混合指数值分配给每个相后，在每个含水层中绘制与入侵或清新阶段相关的水化学相。全新世，上更新世，中更新世和下更新世含水层的地下水清新和SI相的位置不同。在干旱和雨季，清新前沿和入侵前沿的地理位置不同，并且在所有四个含水层中抽取地下水11年后，其位置都发生了变化。根据HFE-D，水化学相分布的时空差异反映了SI在四个含水层中的相对影响。研究结果更好地了解了半岛沿海含水层系统中与SI相关的地下水质量的变化，并强调了在类似沿海地区改善地下水质量和管理的需求。
END
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