如何自制蔬果洗涤剂
本视频由Michael Greger医生于 2015 年 4 月 29 日发布，来自NutritionFacts.org — 能救命的营养学。
Michael Greger 医生是畅销书《How Not to Die》作者，中文译本：繁体版书名为《食疗圣经》。简体版书名为《救命》，于今年5月底出版，现已开始预售，详情见文末。
请至 “蔬食益生” 主菜单 ===》“分类导航”===》“分类目录” 查看往期文章。
如何自制蔬果洗涤剂
How to Make Your Own Fruit & Vegetable Wash
摘要：商业水果和蔬菜洗涤剂的清洗效果不如自来水，但是有一种便宜的DIY方法可以完全消除某些农药残留。
Commercial fruit and vegetable washes fail to work better than tap water, but there is a cheap do-it-yourself solution that may completely eliminate certain pesticide residues.
https://v.qq.com/txp/iframe/player.html?vid=e0696358xqd&width=500&height=375&auto=0
如何减少水果和蔬菜上的农药残留？不吃进口农产品又如何呢？ 事实是国内农产品的情况可能更糟糕，消除了进口水果和蔬菜对消费者构成更大潜在健康威胁的观念。
How might we reduce our exposure to pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables? What about staying away from imported produce? Turns out domestic produce may be even worse, dispelling this notion that imported fruits and vegetables pose greater potential health threats to consumers.
购买有机食品可以大大降低饮食中农药残留量，但并不能消除潜在的危险。
Buying organic dramatically reduces dietary exposure to pesticides, but does not eliminate the potential risk.
约10分之1的有机作物样品中可检测到农药残留，归因于邻近田间的交叉污染，土壤中持续存在的持久杀虫剂，如滴滴涕，或因为误用或恶意使用。
Pesticide residues are detectable in about 1 in 10 organic crop samples, due to cross-contamination from neighboring fields, the continued presence of very persistent pesticides like DDT in the soil, or accidental or fraudulent use.
通过选择有机食物，人们希望将风险从一系列不确定的风险转向一系列可以忽略不计的风险上，但即使我们不得不吃的是含有最多农药的传统农作物，科学界也有明确的共识，认为消费水果和蔬菜对健康的益处超过农药残留的任何潜在风险。
By choosing organic, one hopes to shift exposures from a range of uncertain risk to more of a range of negligible risk, but even if all we had to eat were the most pesticide-laden of conventional produce, there is a clear scientific consensus in the scientific community that the health benefits from consuming fruits and vegetables out weigh any potential risks from pesticide residues.
但是我们可以轻松减少现有的风险，用流水冲洗水果和蔬菜。
But we can easily reduce whatever risk there is by rinsing our fruits and vegetables under running water.
然而，广告宣称大量产品比水更有效地减少水果和农产品的农药残留，并向有关消费者吹捧。
There are, however, a plethora of products alleged by advertisers to reduce fruit and produce pesticide residues more effectively than water, and touted to concerned consumers.
例如，宝洁公司在2000年推出了水果和蔬菜清洗剂。作为介绍的一部分，T.G.I.星期五也加入啦，吹嘘他们的菜单上叫做土豆皮的菜（土豆中间挖一个小坑填上奶酪和培根）首先用新产品冲洗。
For example, Procter & Gamble introduced a fruit and vegetable wash in the year 2000. As part of the introduction, T.G.I. Fridays jumped on board, bragging on their menus that the cheese and bacon puddles they call potato skins were first washed with the new product.
毕竟，它宣称在去除农药方面比水有效98％。所以研究人员进行了测试，结果并没有比普通自来水好。
After all, it was proclaimed proven to be 98% more effective than water in removing pesticides. So researchers put it to the test, and it did no better than plain tap water.
此后不久，宝洁公司停产了该产品，但其他许多公司取而代之，宣称他们的蔬菜洗涤剂比水的效果高3、4、5倍，甚至10倍，鉴于此，研究人员回答说：“这在数学上是不可能的。”如果水除去50％，洗涤剂不可能去除比50％多10倍。
Shortly thereafter, Procter & Gamble discontinued the product, but numerous others took its place, claiming their vegetable washes are three, four, five, or even ten times more effective than water – to which the researcher replied, “That’s mathematically impossible.” If water removes like 50%, you can’t take off ten times more than 50%.
实际上，他们发现水可以去除高达80％的杀虫剂残留物，例如杀菌剂克菌丹，所以对于其它品牌的蔬菜洗涤剂来说，吹嘘比用水清洗效果好3、4、5或10倍，这在数学上是不可能的。
They actually found water removes up to 80% of pesticide residues, like the fungicide captan for example, so for other brands of veggie washes to brag three, four, five, or ten times better than water is mathematically impossible indeed.
其它的水果和蔬菜洗涤剂从那以后也作了测试。
Other fruit and vegetable washes have since been put to the test.
他们将Fruit &Vegetable Wash 与 FIT，与OrganiClean和Vegi-Clean（我从来没有听说过这两个牌子），与洗碗液相比，并与普通自来水冲洗相比。
They compared Fruit & Vegetable Wash to FIT, to two I’ve never heard of, OrganiClean, and Vegi-Clean, compared to using dishwashing soap, all compared to just rinsing with plain tap water.
对196份生菜、草莓和西红柿样本进行了测试，结果发现，与使用任何蔬菜洗涤剂或洗碗液相比，与用自来水冲洗时几乎没有区别。这就像是浪费钱。
196 samples of lettuce, strawberries, and tomatoes were tested, and they found little or no difference between just rinsing with tap water compared to any of the veggie washes, or the dishsoap. They all just seemed like a waste of money.
研究人员发现，只是在自来水下摩擦产品的机械动作似乎也可以做到，使用洗碗液或水果和蔬菜洗涤剂不能提高产品中农药残留物的去除量，不比仅用自来水冲洗更好。
The researchers concluded that just the mechanical action of rubbing the produce under tap water seemed to do it, and that using detergents or fruit and vegetable washes do not enhance the removal of pesticide residues from produce above that of just rinsing with tap water alone.
这并不需要说太多。克菌丹（Captan）似乎是个例外。当用清水冲洗其它半打杀虫剂时，只有不到一半的残留物被清除。
That may not be saying much though. Captan appears to be the exception. When rinsing with plain water was tried against a half dozen other pesticides, less than half the residues were removed.
指甲油卸妆剂效果更好，但目标是毒性更低，而不是番茄清洗后变得更毒。我们需要一种简单，合理且安全的方法来更有效地去除农药，尽管从医学文献中很少报道从水果和蔬菜中去除农药的功效。
Now fingernail polish remover works better, but the goal is to end up with a less toxic, not more toxic tomato. We need a straight forward, plausible, and safe method for enhanced pesticide removal, although the efficacy of pesticide removal from fruits and vegetables has been rarely reported in the medical literature.
有没有什么东西可以添加到自来水中来提高去除农药的能力呢？
Anything we can add to the tap water to boost its pesticide-stripping abilities?
如果将土豆浸泡在水中，约有2％至13％的农药被除去，但5％的醋酸溶液可以去除100％。那是什么呢？就是纯白醋呀。但5％是最高浓度。
If you soak potatoes in water, between about 2% to 13% of the pesticides are removed, but a 5% acetic acid solution removes up to 100%. What’s that? Plain white vinegar. But 5% is full strength.
稀释的醋会怎么样呢？
What about diluted vinegar?
稀释的醋似乎比自来水清除农药残留稍微好一点。尽管如此，使用不经稀释的醋会变得昂贵。
Diluted vinegar only seemed marginally better than tap water for removing pesticide residues. Using full-strength vinegar would get expensive, though.
谢天谢地，有更便宜的东西但却更加有效：盐水。
Thankfully, there’s something cheaper that works even better: salt water.
10％的盐水溶液似乎与未经稀释的醋一样好或更好。
A 10% salt water solution appears to work as good or better than full-strength vinegar.
要制成10％的盐溶液，只需将1份盐和9份水混合即可，但要确保在食用前将所有盐都冲洗掉。
To make a 10% salt solution you just have to mix up 1 part salt and 9 parts water, though make sure to rinse all the salt off before eating it.
但是，对于动物产品中的杀虫剂，你可以做的不多。
There’s not much you can do for the pesticides in animal products though.
一些农药的主要来源是水果和蔬菜; 但对于其他人来说，就是乳制品，鸡蛋和肉类，因为这些化学物质会堆积在脂肪中。
The top sources of some pesticides are fruits and vegetables; but for others, it’s dairy, eggs, and meat, because the chemicals build up in the fat.
那么如何处理肉类，蛋黄或蛋清中的杀虫剂呢？
So what to do about pesticides in meat, egg yolks, or egg whites?
带壳煮蛋比炒鸡蛋会破坏更多的杀虫剂，但对于鱼或鸡肉脂肪中堆积的杀虫剂，烹饪有时会增加你无法洗掉的杀虫剂的水平。
Hard boiling appears to destroy more pesticides than scrambling, but for the pesticides that build up in the fat in fish or chicken, cooking can sometimes increase pesticide levels that you can’t just wash off.
事实上，清洗肉，家禽或鸡蛋被认为是十大最危险的食品安全错误之一。
In fact washing meat, poultry, or eggs is considered one of the top ten dangerous food safety mistakes.
翻译： Karen Chou (老玉米)
字幕制作及编辑： Karen Chou (老玉米)
参考文献：
R I Krieger , P Brutsche-Keiper , H R Crosby , A D Krieger . Reduction of Pesticide Residues of Fruit Using Water Only or Plus Fit™ Fruit and Vegetable Wash.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003 Feb;70(2):213-8.
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M C Benbrook., and B P Baker. Perspective on Dietary Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Organic Food. Sustainability 6.6 (2014): 3552-3570.
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编者后记：
老玉米开 “蔬食益生” 公众号前曾在美篇发表一篇文章，题目是：
“什么是细思级恐怖？看完你会恍然大悟！” 链接如下：
https://www.meipian.cn/13dvbnow?from=qq&share_from=self
这篇文章里有个小视频，节选自 Michael Greger 医生的 “ 植物性饮食：逆转死亡之路 ”。涉及血液感染及厨房污染，以下是几张视频截图：
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