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如何从每年近10万篇营养领域论文找出有价值的靠谱研究?

幕后真精彩 蔬食益生 2019-04-02

前言:昨晚有一位朋友发了一篇题为 "刚刚,美国virta这个研究,让全世界的【心脏病患者】都沸腾了......" 给我,问我是怎么回事?


这篇文章就是最好的解释!


“如果您到 pubmed.gov,就可以在那里访问数据库这是美国国家医学图书馆 —全球最大的医学图书馆,您可以搜索饮食或营养等主题,然后您会看到每年大约有十万篇论文发表在科学医学文献的营养领域。”


“这是平均一天 200 多个研究。”


“我不能一天内读完 200 份研究,但 20 个人可以在一天读 200 份研究。”


“我不想错过任何一份重要的论文。”




本视频由 Michael Greger医生于2016923日制作,来自 NutritionFacts.org

 

Michael Greger 医生是畅销书《HOW NOT TO DIE》一书作者,中文译本:繁体版书名为《食疗圣经》。简体版书名为《救命》,将于今年 5 月出版。




摘要:Greger 医生的视频是怎么制作出来的呢?


https://v.qq.com/txp/iframe/player.html?vid=p0639fxy2pt&width=500&height=375&auto=0


我常常被问道我需要花多长时间才能完成我的每日视频。

I’m often asked how long it takes me to come up with one of my daily videos.

 

一旦手稿完成了,不会花超过十个小时来制作和录制 研究阶段才是花费最多时间的

Once the script is done, it doesn’t take more than like ten hours to create and record. It’s the research phase that takes the most time.



 

我想人们不了解这庞大的工作量,所以我想揭开幕后场景,给大家偷窥一下。

I don’t think people understand how much work that takes; so, I wanted to kind of pull back the curtain, and give everyone a little sneak peek.

 

如果您到 pubmed.gov,就可以在那里访问数据库这是美国国家医学图书馆 —全球最大的医学图书馆,您可以搜索饮食或营养等主题,然后您会看到每年大约有十万篇论文发表在科学医学文献的营养领域

If you go to pubmed.gov, where you can access the database of the National Library of Medicine — the largest medical library in the world — you can search for topics like diet or nutrition, you’ll see that there’s about 100,000 papers published every year in the field of nutrition in the scientific medical literature.



这是平均一天 200 多个研究。

That’s more than 200 studies a day.

 

我不能一天内读完 200 份研究,但 20 个人可以在一天读 200 份研究。

I can’t read 200 studies a day, but 20 people could read 200 studies a day.



这就是为什么我雇用了 19 位研究人员来帮助我挖掘论文好给您省了麻烦。

That’s why I hired 19 researchers to help me plow through the literature — so you don’t have to.

 



还不止呢 -我们还有一整队志愿者,每周下载和分类近 2000 篇论文。

And, that’s in addition to an army of volunteers downloading and categorizing nearly 2,000 articles a week.

 

我不想错过任何一份重要的论文。

I don’t want to miss a single important paper.



那么下一步就是寻找我所谓的重点文章。

Then, the next step is to look for what I call anchor articles.

 

这些是我用来构建视频的新研究。

These are the new studies around which I construct the videos.

 

我寻找的是新颖、实用和参与性高的研究。

I’m looking for novelty, practicality, and engagement.



是否具有开创性呢?

Is it groundbreaking?



如果只是又一篇论文,来证实西兰花的好处,那除非有一些新的见解,否则可能不会中选。

If it’s just another study showing broccoli is good for you, unless there’s some new insight, it probably won’t make the cut.

 

是否实用?

Is it practical?



是否有一些具体可行的信息能帮助我们在现实世界中煮饭买菜时做出决定?

Is there some actionable information that can be used to make real world kitchen or grocery store decisions?


 

如果最新品种的“鸟嘴莓”具有医疗功效,但却只能在西伯利亚苔原觅获,那谁想知道呀?

Who cares if there’s some new whortleberry with medicinal properties, if it can only be foraged wild in the Siberian tundra or something?

 

最后,有没有办法让研究变得有趣?

And, finally, is there a way to make it interesting?



 

实际上,这可能是最大的限制因素。

That’s actually probably the greatest limiting factor.

 

有很多开创性的新科学附有实践意义,但除非我能找到一个方式让它有吸引力,增添幽默感或好奇心,或解开一些谜题,不然很遗憾,这类研究就只能搁在一边了。

There’s lots of trailblazing new science, with hands-on implications — but, unless I can find a way to make it captivating, to add humor or intrigue, or solve some mystery, sadly, it just kind of goes by the wayside.



 

这就是为什么我们需要类似这样的10个不同的网站这样我可以把这些文章传给别人,让别人来试试怎么把内容变得有趣些。

That’s why we need like ten different sites like this; so, you know, I can just pass those papers along, and be like, “You try to make that interesting.”

 

一旦我有了重点文章,那么真正的工作就开始了。

Once I have the anchor, then the real work begins.

 

一份研究即使发表在同行审议的医学文献中也不能证实其真实性。

I mean, just because something is published in the peer-reviewed medical literature doesn’t mean it’s true.

 

有些由全国糖果协会资助的研究发现“糖果真是好东西”。

There are studies funded by the National Confectioner‘s Association that find that candy is just dandy.

 

或是由可口可乐或全国牧牛肉协会暗地里资助的研究。

Studies covertly funded by Coca-Cola, or the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association.

 

这并不一定意味着研究本身有缺陷,但是您必须给予额外的审查。

That doesn’t necessarily mean it’s a flawed study, but you have to give it that extra level of scrutiny.

 

首先需要考量背后的金钱利益关系。然后看看研究的背景和上下文。

You always have to follow the money. Then, you have to put the study in context.



我所知的是,新研究结果是属于异常的或侥幸的。也许有10个其他的研究显示出完全相反的结果。

For all I know, that new study is some outlier or fluke. Maybe there’s ten other studies out there that showed the exact opposite.

 

如果不参考多方观点来尽量取得平衡、公正的证据,我们怎能为自己和家人做出攸关生死的决定呢

How else can we make life-or-death decisions for ourselves and our families, but by the best available balance of evidence?

 


这就是为什么每一个新的研究都需要放在状况中考量。

That’s why every new study needs to be placed into context.

 

说来容易但做起来却很难。

Easier said than done.



 

例如,假设我邮箱中收到了这篇文章认为鱼油会增加癌症的风险。

For example, let’s say this paper lands in my inbox, arguing that fish oil increases the risk of cancer.

 

那我大可制作一个视频,只是布置事实:这篇文章是发表在同行审议的科学期刊上的提出了食用鱼油会增加癌症风险的证据。这里是文章,这里是下载文章的链接,这里是他们所有的证据,白纸黑字,就在你面前,这里是他们的推理,他们的曲线图,他们的图表,他们的简图。各位,这就是同行审议的医学文献。工作完成!

Now, I could just make a video about it, just laying out the facts: there was this paper published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal that presented evidence that taking fish oil increases the risk of cancer. Here’s the paper; here’s the link to download the paper; here’s all the evidence they present, in black and white, right in front of you; here’s their reasoning, their graphs, their charts, their diagrams. This is the peer-reviewed medical literature, people. Done.

 

但不行,这并不够好。

No. That’s not good enough.



 

这并没有回答最重要的问题:这实际上是真的吗?

That doesn’t answer the most important question of all: Is it actually true?

 

我们知道这个家伙只是选择性研究来达到自己的目的。单靠同行审议的科学,对于我们来说还不够。我想要 NutritionFacts.org 上的所有内容反映出现有最佳的,平衡公正的证据

For all we know this guy is  just cherry picking studies to fit some agenda. It’s not enough for us to just stick to the peer-reviewed science. I want everything on NutritionFacts.org to reflect the best available balance of evidence.



 

好的,那我该怎么弄清楚呢?

Okay, so, how do I figure that out?



 

即使他的论点依他提供的证据是有道理的,您必须确保他正确地分析他所引用的证据。

Well, even if his arguments make sense, based on the evidence he provides, you have to make sure he's interpreting the evidence he cites correctly.



要做到这一点,您必须找出他所引用的所有 76 个来源以确保他不错用任何东西。

To do that, you'd have to pull all the 76 sources he cites, to make sure he's not misquoting anything.

 

如果其中 76 篇论文再引用其他 76 篇论文呢?

And, what if each of those 76 papers cite 76 other papers?

 

即使他正确地引用了这 76 篇论文,那么,那些没有被他引用的论文呢?

And even if we correctly cited those 76 papers, what about all the papers he didn’t cite?

 

已发表的关于鱼油和癌症的论文多达 2000 多篇。

There have been more than 2,000 papers published on fish oil and cancer.

 

再看看,这篇文章是2013年发表的。那么,那些随后发表的、也引用了这篇论文的其他研究呢?我现在解释的只是一个视频中的一篇论文。

And look, this paper was published back in 2013. What about the papers that have been published subsequently that cited this particular paper? And that’s just one paper for one video, right?

 

但您会很高兴您做了尽职的调查因为过程中您意识到,这篇鱼油论文被撤回了。为什么?因为研究人员显然没有透露他拥有自己的营养保健品公司,销售一种具有竞争性的营养补油。

You’ll be glad you did do your due diligence though, because then you’d realize: hey, that fish oil paper got retracted. Why? Because the researcher evidently failed to disclose he owned his own supplement company, which sold a competing oil supplement.

 

再次提醒,这并不一定意味着研究内容有差错,但绝对需要额外的审查。

Again, that doesn’t necessarily mean something’s a miss, but definitely requires additional scrutiny.

 

所以无论如何,底线是,在理想情况下我们要做一个全面的搜索看看现有的文献,将任何特定的论文放在上下文中,同时也要在时间线上往前往后看,检查所有的资料来源他们所引用的,与所有引用了他们的来源,一旦有关营养的论文被发表了,我们会随时进行搜索,这每年发生大约十万次。

So, anyway, bottom line, ideally, we do a comprehensive search of available literature to place any particular paper in context — while also going backwards and forwards in time, checking all the sources they cite, and all the sources that cited them. And, we would do that anytime a paper is published on nutrition, which, again, happens a mere hundred thousand times a year.  

 

现在,希望您能感激为什么我们必须雇用19位研究人员。

Now, hopefully, you can appreciate why we had to bring on 19 researchers.



我们怎么有能力这样做呢?我不收任何薪水或薪酬,而我们有近200名积极的志愿者也献出了自己的时间。

How can we afford to do that, though? I don’t take any salary or compensation. We have nearly 200 active volunteers who also donate their time。



 

但是我们也有 名有薪操作人员 技术,设计,开发,社交媒体,志愿者协调。

But we also have seven paid operations staff — tech, design, development, social media, volunteer coordination.

 

我们怎么有能力支付二十几个人的薪水加上服务器的成本和其他一切?

How can we afford to pay two dozen salaries, plus the server costs, and everything else?  



答案就是,您。

You!

 

NutritionFacts.org 是一个 501c3 非营利慈善机构完全是靠像您这样的民众的捐赠来维持。

NutritionFacts.org is a 501c3 nonprofit charity that exists exclusively on donations from individuals like you.




这就像一个仅仅接受用户捐款的维基百科模型那些欣赏内容,欣赏我们的工作的人。

It’s like a Wikipedia model of just accepting donations from users who appreciate the content, who appreciate what we’re doing.

 

我们平时的观众数以百万计如果一千人之中有一人做出了很小的贡献,就能让我们继续茁壮成长。

We reach so many millions of people that if one in a thousand makes a small contribution, we’re able to continue to thrive.

 

所以如果您觉得我的工作丰富了您的生活,请考虑捐款支持。您可以选择一次性免税的捐款,或甚至更好,每月固定捐款。

So, if you feel like my work has enriched your life, please consider supporting us by making a tax-deductible one-time — or, even better — monthly donation.

 

无论如何,即使您从不给一分钱,网站上的一切永远都是免费给所有人的。

Regardless, even if you never give a penny, everything on the website is and will always be free, for all, for all time.



 

这里没有在会员专区要付钱才能得到的额外救生信息。

There’s no members-only area where you can get additional life-saving information — for a price.

 

没有任何广告。

There are no advertisements of any kind.

 

我们不接受企业赞助。

We don’t accept corporate sponsorships.



 

我们网站是严格非商业性的。

The site is strictly non-commercial.

 

格莱格尔医师也没有自己旗下品牌专卖什么“神奇蛇油补品”。

There’s no line of Dr. Greger’s Brand Snake Oil Wonder Supplements.

 

甚至我的书和 DVD 中得到的销售收益都直接投入网站。

Even all the money I get from my books and DVDs all goes straight back into the site.



这只是为那些渴求循证营养的人提供的公益服务。

It’s just a public service, for those hungry for evidence-based nutrition.





编后记 1:看完这个小视频,是不是很震撼呢?


虽然每个小视频看起来只有短短的几分钟,可背后隐藏的是整个团队的努力!如果您从这些小视频中得到益处,并想有所表示的话,可考虑去网站上捐款。



或者您的英语非常好,也可以考虑申请成为中文翻译志愿者


这个网站的视频只有近期新出的才有中文字幕,绝大部分视频尚无中文字幕,您有时间可以贡献的话,可以申请成为翻译志愿者。


您有兴趣加入吗?




编后记 2:本视频由翻译志愿者 Jia Jiet Lim 翻译。老玉米只是做编辑工作。


很荣幸的是老玉米经过考核也成为 NutritionFacts.org 网站的翻译志愿者,并已经完成一些尚未公开视频的翻译工作,新制作的视频在公开前会尽量翻译成多种语言。


新视频发布后,老玉米会根据需要介绍给中国的读者。




阅读往期文章:


最坚挺地活着:勃起功能障碍与死亡


如何避免死于心脏病


延伸阅读:何为“低脂全蔬食”?

 

延伸阅读:吃素是技术活儿?《食疗圣经》作者Michael Greger 医生手把手教你怎么吃最有营养!


特别推荐符合 “低脂全蔬食” 原则的健康食谱公众号


素愫的厨房 — 每道菜都是精品,做法极简,味道本真


Michael Greger 医生畅销书《How Not To Die》简体中文版《救命》今年5月出版,点此了解详情。(友情链接,老玉米不参与书的销售)




关于编者老玉米是美国康奈尔大学坎贝尔营养研究中心《蔬食营养》证书持有者。老玉米的先生是美国内科医生(MD),也是位“蔬食医生”(Plantrician)。

 

点此了解:何为“蔬食医生”?

 

关注“蔬食益生”公众号,会有更多精彩内容。公众号内容主要是翻译美国蔬食医生的文章或视频,均会注明出处,中英双语对照(个别有英文字幕除外),如果怀疑我翻译的不准确,也可以对照原文。如有错漏,欢迎指出,不胜感激。


老玉米衣食无忧,退休金也准备好了,开这个公众号纯粹是吃饱了撑的


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