美国政治制度的弊端与共和党的蜕变(4)
在英国下议院大选的选战时间长度一般不超过两个月,最近一次2019年大选就是从10月29日到12月12日。加拿大历史上最长的选战是10个星期。而川普则是在2017年1月20日,就职日当天,就登记2020大选,而且在2017年2月就举行了他的第一次连任竞选集会。 奥地利、加拿大、以色列、日本、新西兰和英国都有法律限制选战支出上限,例如英国规定每个政党在每个下议院选区不超过三万英镑。 新西兰政府根据法律制订的一套公式给各个政党拨出公共资金,用于电台和电视广告演讲的免费广播时间,候选人可以购买额外广告时间,但是不能超过支出限额。 在澳大利亚,公民投票既是权利也是义务,不投票是会被罚款的。因此投票率一直保持90%以上。 在瑞典,政府根据人口数据进行自动的选民登记。在美国,大约25%的选民没有登记。 在挪威,政党的经费67%来源于政府。 绝大部分国家的选举日要么是星期天或星期六,要么是法定假日(韩国,以色列)。美国的选举日是1845年(工业化之前的农业社会)制订的,以适应当时依靠马车出行的农民们,星期天要上教堂,而周三是市场日Market Day。
要求各州为联邦选举提供当天的选民登记。 要求各州提前投票至少15天,并将建立自动选民登记制度,例如每个州的机动车部门或公立大学提供信息的合格公民将自动登记投票,除非他们选择不这样做。 扩大邮寄投票的机会,并将选举日定为联邦假日。在工作日投票,对于要上班的选民,特别是劳工阶层,往往是不容易的。 要求各州提供网上选民登记,目前已有39个州和哥伦比亚特区采用网上选民登记。 要求各州在将选民从名册上除名之前获得某些信息,并禁止在选举前不到6个月的时间内进行选民清理,并给予选民对除名提出异议或寻求恢复登记的机会。 恢复刑满释放的重刑犯的投票权,例如佛罗里达州全民公投就通过这一条款。 规定选举使用纸质选票,选民可以填写标记和检查,以便在投票前纠正任何错误。 要求州政府官员保存纸质选票以备重新计票或审计,并对重新计票和审计用的选票进行人工清点。 将要求所有联邦选举中使用的投票机必须在美国制造。 为竞选活动引入自愿性公共融资,以6:1的比例匹配小额捐款。 对外国游说进行更严格的限制,要求SuperPAC和其他 "黑钱 "组织披露其捐助者。 支持宪法修正案,以推翻前述的 最高法院在Citizens United 的判决。 要求总统和副总统以及总统和副总统候选人公开披露他们过去10年的所得税申报情况。 取消国会议员使用纳税人的钱来解决就业歧视(例如性骚扰)索赔的做法,要求国会议员向财政部偿还任何此类付款。 要求司法会议制定对最高法院具有约束力的道德规则,最高法院是唯一没有受到任何司法道德规范约束的法院。 要求各州成立独立委员会根据五个标准绘制国会选区线,从而防止政党蝾式划区,不给任何党派带来不应有的好处。
选举团的历史和弊端 (发表于美国华人2016/12/13 https://chineseamerican.org/p/14878)
民主党和共和党的历史起源和两党互换角色(发表于美国华人2018/11/03 https://chineseamerican.org/p/25067)
民主共和两党的竞选策略和执政纪录(发表于美国华人2018/11/05 https://chineseamerican.org/p/25100)
为什么说2020年总统大选很可能是美国民主宪政的最后机会(发表于美国华人2020/10/26 https://chineseamerican.org/p/33134)
普通公民状告美国国会,捍卫平等代表权利(发表于当代中国评论的第二期 https://chineseamerican.org/p/27562)
川普总是说“我输了,只能是因为选票舞弊”事实真相如何?(发表于俄州亚太联盟2020/11/06)
拜登赢了,但民主党对比预期大失所望?(发表于当代中国评论的第二期2020大选特刊)
川普拒绝承认2020大选的长期后果是什么?(发表于俄州亚太联盟2020/12/05)
美国历史上1812年以来最耻辱的一刻 (发表于当代中国评论的2020大选特刊)
https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript
https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript
https://time.com/4558510/electoral-college-history-slavery/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_United_States_Census
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/opinion/second-amendment-slavery-james-madison.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stono_Rebellion
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/98/
https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/justice-oconnor-regrets
https://www.newsobserver.com/opinion/article246920577.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyn6VB2HN_g
https://www.npr.org/2016/11/09/501425243/watch-live-hillary-clinton-concedes-presidential-race-to-donald-trump
https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/08/14/donald-trump-joe-biden-electoral-college-math-enten-analysis-vpx.cnn
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/us/what-is-gerrymandering.html
https://www.fairvote.org/new_poll_everybody_hates_gerrymandering
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/opinion/racial-gerrymandering-in-north-carolina.html
https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/most-gerrymandered-states
https://ballotpedia.org/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REDMAP
https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/jun/27/supreme-court-gerrymandering-ruling-verdict-constutition-districting
https://maproom.net/demo/election-map/0.html
https://aceproject.org/main/english/bd/bdy_de.htm
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_population
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-locations/southern-u-s-states-have-closed-1200-polling-places-in-recent-years-rights-group-idUSKCN1VV09J
https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/09/29/stacking-the-deck-how-the-gop-works-to-suppress-minority-voting/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/us/elections/texas-voting-drop-boxes.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/us/elections/texas-governor-limits-counties-to-one-spot-each-for-in-person-ballot-drop-offs.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/10/us/politics/texas-ballot-judge.html
https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/14/politics/california-republicans-ballot-drop-boxes-cease-and-desist/index.html
https://apnews.com/article/f5f6a73b2af546ee97816bb35e82c18d
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/24/us/politics/fbi-director-voter-fraud.html
https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2020/10/20/trumps-absentee-ballot-fraud-claims-not-supported-evidence/5969447002/
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/30/746800630/north-carolina-gop-operative-faces-new-felony-charges-that-allege-ballot-fraud
https://thinkprogress.org/the-unprecedented-illegitimacy-of-the-roberts-court-086dde8373bf/
https://govtrackinsider.com/with-kavanaugh-vote-the-senate-reaches-a-historic-low-in-democratic-metric-dfb0f5fa7fa
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mitch-mcconnell-supreme-court-vacancy-election-year-senate/
https://www.gq.com/story/mitch-mcconnell-supreme-court
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuOLandsO_0
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/federal-judges-retire-joe-biden_n_600f3759c5b676ad837652a8
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/06/why-americas-supreme-court-drama-looks-so-strange-rest-world/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/06/why-americas-supreme-court-drama-looks-so-strange-rest-world/
https://www.gq.com/story/mitch-mcconnell-supreme-court
https://www.newsweek.com/mitch-mcconnell-grim-reaper-395-house-bills-senate-wont-pass-1487401
https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/445337-frustration-boils-over-with-senates-legislative-graveyard
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trump-says-he-thinks-supreme-court-will-rule-on-election-outcome-so-9th-justice-needed-2020-09-23-161035612
https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/citizens-united-explained
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/25/shelby-county-anniversary-voting-rights-act-consequences
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/us/politics/supreme-court-gerrymandering.html
https://www.npr.org/2020/07/25/895185355/as-concerns-about-voting-build-the-supreme-court-refuses-to-step-in
https://www.minnpost.com/eric-black-ink/2014/10/how-other-democracies-balance-limiting-political-ads-and-free-speech/
https://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/germany-elections-one-tv-ad-per-candidate-096770
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/george-washington-calms-down-the-newburgh-conspiracy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic
https://www.npr.org/2016/11/02/500112248/how-to-win-the-presidency-with-27-percent-of-the-popular-vote
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/03/trump-georgia-raffensperger-call-biden-washington-post
https://rockinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/1-22-20-Balance-of-Payments.pdf
https://www.wave3.com/2020/04/24/new-york-gov-andrew-cuomo-jabs-mcconnell-kentucky/
https://www.politico.com/blogs/swing-states-2016-election/2016/06/what-are-the-swing-states-in-2016-list-224327
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/voter-turnout-united-states
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/trump-considered-installing-loyalist-as-attorney-general-in-push-to-overturn-election.html
https://www.businessinsider.com/michael-flynn-trump-military-martial-law-overturn-election-2020-12
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/12/trumps-big-lie-was-bigger-than-just-stolen-election/
https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/voting-laws-roundup-january-2021
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/open-letter-to-america-signed-by-489-national-security-leaders-calls-trump-not-equal-to-the-enormous-responsibilities-of-his-office-2020-09-24
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/two-government-websites-climate-change-survive-trump-era-n891806
https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/06/22/trump-bolton-abc-book/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/11/us/politics/trump-comey-firing.html
https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/549-june-2018-barr-memo-to-doj-mue/b4c05e39318dd2d136b3/optimized/full.pdf#page=1
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/republican-party-abandoning-democracy/617359/
https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/colin-powell-no-longer-republican-cnntv/index.html
https://thehill.com/homenews/news/530393-longtime-gop-strategist-steve-schmidt-announces-hes-registering-democrat
https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-democracy-is-on-the-decline-in-the-united-states
https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung
https://www.npr.org/2018/11/20/669761157/fbi-categorizes-proud-boys-as-extremist-group-with-ties-to-white-nationalism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/06/inside-the-cult-of-trump-his-rallies-are-church-and-he-is-the-gospel
https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/553-if-you-tell-a-big-enough-lie-and-tell-it
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/opinion/hitler-speech-1919.html
https://www.thedrum.com/news/2016/07/24/donald-trumps-make-america-great-again-campaign-line-lifted-mussolini-speech
https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-holocaust-memorial-belgium/fake-news-is-not-new-the-nazis-used-it-too-says-holocaust-exhibit-idUKKBN1FE2OM
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/03/trump-enemy-of-the-people-meaning-history
https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-freedom-world-2020-finds-established-democracies-are-decline
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/07/14/fact-check-abraham-lincoln-quote-fabricated/5420062002/
https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1/text
https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/oct/31/joe-biden/yes-joe-biden-has-released-22-years-tax-returns-on/
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-clinton-taxes/clinton-to-release-2015-tax-returns-within-days-criticizes-trump-idUSKCN10M1I7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/campaign-finance-regulation/comparative.php
https://www.mic.com/articles/118598/7-facts-from-the-around-the-world-show-how-absurd-america-s-elections-really-are
https://www.ssb.no/en/partifin
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/11/06/weekday-elections-set-the-u-s-apart-from-many-other-advanced-democracies/