专题追踪 | 女性社会创业

编者按：

本期，笔者选取了女性社会创业的相关经典文献。女性作为创业的重要组成部分，其在推动社会创业、社会企业商业化发展中的独特意义正被越来越多学者所关注。

值此佳节，致敬“她力量”。

目录 CONTENTS

• Social enterprise: Gender gap and economic development. 

• 社会创业：性别差距与经济发展

• Blurring the Boundaries: The Interplay of Gender and Local Communities in the Commercialization of Social Ventures.

• 模糊边界：社会创业商业化中性别与本地社区的互动

• Gender Characterizations in Entrepreneurship: A Multi‐Level Investigation of Sex‐Role Stereotypes about High‐Growth, Commercial, and Social Entrepreneurs.

• 创业中的性别特征：关于高成长的商业和社会创业者性别角色刻板印象的多层调查

• Practice rather than preach: cultural practices and female social entrepreneurship

• 实践而非说教：文化实践和女性社会创业精神

Social enterprise: Gender gap and economic development

社会创业：性别差距与经济发展

摘要：

由女性创建企业是创业的重要组成部分。虽然男性的创业率超过女性，但社会企业中的性别差距缩小了。这可能是由于影响女性行为的角色和刻板印象会导致对社会企业所彰显的价值观产生显著认同。鉴于公共机构不可能解决所有社会问题，这种更多地参与社会活动导致妇女成为推动此类必要举措的重要参与者。因此，本研究首先分析社会和商业创业中的性别差距，区分活动少于 42 个月的企业和市场整合的企业。其次考虑到国家之间数据的可变性，一项研究使用了根据发展水平分组的 48 个国家样本。结果证实文献中所言：社会创业的性别差距缩小，且女性参与社会创业受国家发展水平的影响。这些结果使我们在解释女性行为时强调文化或社会规范等变量的重要性。

Companies created by women represent a substantial part of entrepreneurship. While men outnumber women in entrepreneurship rates, the gender gap decreases in the case of social enterprises. This may be explained by the fact that roles and stereotypes that influence women's behavior will lead to significantly identify with the values promulgated by social enterprises. This greater involvement in social activities leads women to become an essential player for promoting such needed initiatives given the impossibility for public institutions to address all social problems. Therefore in this paper, firstly, we study the gender gap in social and commercial entrepreneurship, distinguishing between enterprises with less than 42 months of activity and those consolidated in the market. Secondly, and aware of the variability of data between countries, a study is conducted using a sample of 48 countries grouped according to their level of development. The results confirm what is stated in the literature, the gender gap is reduced in the case of social entrepreneurship and it is also shown that female participation in social enterprises is influenced by the level of development of the country. These results lead us to highlight the importance of variables such as culture or social norms when explaining female behavior.

关键词：

创业；社会创业；国家发展；性别;   创业率差距

文献来源：

Nicolás C, Rubio A. Social enterprise: Gender gap and economic development. European Journal of Management & Business Economics. 2016;25(2):56-62.

Blurring the Boundaries: The Interplay of Gender and Local Communities in the Commercialization of Social Ventures.

模糊边界：社会创业商业化中性别与本地社区的互动

摘要：

本文探讨性别在社会企业商业化中的关键作用。我们认为，关于什么被认为适合每个性别的工作的文化信仰会影响社会企业的创始人如何将商业活动纳入他们的企业。具体来说，尽管将女性与商业活动分开的文化信仰可能导致女性社会创业者比男性同行更不可能采取商业活动，但这些影响受到创始人当地关于性别和商业活动的文化信仰的缓和。同一社区中女性创业者的存在减轻了创始人的性别对商业活动采用的影响。本文通过美国 584 家社会企业的新样本来研究这些问题。并利用美国两年期间成立新非营利组织的全部人口作为验证性样本。通过强调社会和商业部门的性别方面如何相互作用以塑造社会创业者对商业活动的采用，研究结果有助于研究社会部门中的混合组织、以及创业精神的性别差异。

This paper examines the critical role of gender in the commercialization of social ventures. We argue that cultural beliefs about what is perceived to be appropriate work for each gender influence howfounders of social ventures incorporate commercial activity into their ventures. Specifically, we argue and show that although cultural beliefs that disassociatewomen from commercial activity may result in female social venture founders being less likely to use commercial activity than their male counterparts, these effects are moderated by cultural beliefs about gender and commercial activity within founders' local communities. The presence of female business owners in the same community mitigates the role of founders' gender on the use of commercial activity. We examine these issues through a novel sample of 584 social ventures in the United States. We constructively replicate and extend these findings with a supplemental analysis of a second sample, the full population of new nonprofit organizations founded during a two-year period in the United States (n = 31; 160). By highlighting how gendered aspects of both the social and commercial sectors interact to shape the use of commercial activity by social venture founders, our findings contribute to research on hybrid organizations in the social sector, communities as a context for the enactment of gender, and the enactment of gender in entrepreneurship.

关键词：

社会企业；性别;  社区;  商业化；文化信仰

文献来源：

Dimitriadis S, Lee M, Ramarajan L, Battilana J. Blurring the Boundaries: The Interplay of Gender and Local Communities in the Commercialization of Social Ventures. Organization Science. 2017;28(5):819-839.

Gender Characterizations in Entrepreneurship: A Multi‐Level Investigation of Sex‐Role Stereotypes about High‐Growth, Commercial, and Social Entrepreneurs.

创业中的性别特征：关于高成长的商业和社会创业者性别角色刻板印象的多层调查

摘要：

本研究的目的是为人们对各种形式的创业活动所持有的内隐理论中可能存在的性别偏见提供新的认识。基于社会角色理论，本文深入研究与高成长和低成长创业以及商业和社会创业相关的性别角色刻板印象。通过实验方法，使用主体间设计来捕捉组级刻板印象和主体内设计来捕捉个体级刻板印象。调查结果表明，与男性相比，高成长的商业创业者被认为与女性更相似，并且在代理方面高于社区。相反，与女性相比，低成长创业者被认为与男性更相似，并且在社区方面高于代理。社会创业者被独特地认为与男性和女性相似，尽管他们也被认为在代理方面高于社区。有趣的是，女性而非男性受访者认为女性的性别角色与高成长和商业创业之间存在重叠。值得注意的是，现代性别歧视程度较高的人认为创业精神和女性气质之间的重叠较少。综上所述，高成长的商业创业的男性类型最为强烈，这对于想要开始以成长为导向创业的女性来说可能是个问题。

The purpose of this study is to cast new light on possible gender biases in implicit theories people hold about various forms of entrepreneurial activity. Using social role theory, we delve into sex-role stereotypes associated with high- and low-growth entrepreneurship and commercial and social entrepreneurship. Predictions were tested with an experimental design using both a between-subject design to capture group-level stereotypes and a within-subject design to capture individual-level stereotypes. Findings reveal that commercial and high-growth entrepreneurs are perceived as more similar to men than to women and higher on agency than communality. Conversely, low-growth entrepreneurs are perceived as more similar to women than men, and higher on communality than agency. Social entrepreneurs are uniquely perceived as similar to both men and women, though they are also considered higher on agency than communality. Interestingly, female, but not male respondents, perceive some overlap between the feminine gender role and high-growth and commercial entrepreneurship. Notably, those higher on modern sexism perceive less overlap between entrepreneurship and femininity. Taken together, our results suggest that commercial high-growth entrepreneurship is most strongly male-typed, which is likely to be problematic for women (and non-traditional men) wanting to start growth-oriented ventures. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

关键词：

高成长；社会角色；性别；社会创业

文献来源：

Gupta VK, Wieland AM, Turban DB. Gender Characterizations in Entrepreneurship: A Multi‐Level Investigation of Sex‐Role Stereotypes about High‐Growth, Commercial, and Social Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management. 2019;57(1):131-153.

Practice rather than preach: cultural practices and female social entrepreneurship

实践而非说教：文化实践和女性社会创业精神

摘要：

本文借鉴实践理论认为，一个社会的实践文化与性别相互作用，为企业家的社会创业创造了文化能力。我们将来自全球创业监测 (GEM) 的数据与全球领导力和组织行为有效性 (GLOBE) 和世界银行 (WB) 相结合，以确定哪些文化实践与 33 个国家的女性企业家的社会创业实践最相关。研究结果表明，与男性创业者相比，当权力距离、人道主义和内部集体主义的文化实践较低，而未来导向和不确定性规避的文化实践较高时，女性更有可能参与社会创业。

This paper draws on practice theory to argue that the practiced culture of a society and gender interact to create cultured capacities for social entrepreneurship among entrepreneurs. We combine data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) with the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) and World Bank (WB) to identify what cultural practices are most relevant for female entrepreneurs' practice of social entrepreneurship across 33 countries. Our findings suggest that female entrepreneurs are more likely to engage in social entrepreneurship when cultural practices of power distance, humane orientation, and in-group collectivism are low, and cultural practices of future orientation and uncertainty avoidance are high, when compared to male entrepreneurs.

关键词：

女性；社会创业；文化

文献来源：

Hechavarría DM, Brieger SA. Practice rather than preach: cultural practices and female social entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics. December 2020:1-21.

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