专题追踪 | 农村女性创业国际研究精选
编者按：
农村女性所创造的经济发展将影响家庭、社区和国家的发展，对女性的社会地位有重要改变作用。农村女性创业作为一个重要的途径，有助于帮助女性创造体面的生产性工作，改变在家庭以及整个社会中的从属角色，提高她们在家庭和社会中的地位。也有助于增强女性个人能力，使女性意识到她们的存在、权利，真正实现性别平等，减少贫穷。因此，农村女性创业也是社会创业研究的关注点。本期分享顶级管理学及创业学期刊中有关农村女性创业的研究。
目录 CONTENTS
Networks, Technology, and Entrepreneurship: A Field Quasi-experiment among Women in Rural India
网络、技术和创业：来自印度农村女性的实地准实验
A Multivariate Model of Micro Credit and Rural Women Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh
孟加拉国小额信贷和农村女性创业发展的多元模型
Analysis of the barriers and limitations for the development of rural women’s entrepreneurship
农村女性创业发展的障碍与局限
Qualitative exploration of cultural practices inhibiting rural women entrepreneurship development in selected communities in Nigeria
对尼日利亚部分区域内抑制农村女性创业发展的文化习俗的定性研究
Barriers to Rural Women Entrepreneurs in Oman
阿曼农村女性创业者面临的障碍
Networks, Technology, and Entrepreneurship: A Field Quasi-experiment among Women in Rural India
网络、技术和创业：来自印度农村女性的实地准实验
摘要：
本文旨在解决印度农村女性面临的巨大经济挑战。我们认为女性的社会网络（与家庭、社区和有权势者的关系）、信息和通信技术(ICT)的使用以及与时间的相互作用与女性创业的启动和成功有关。在印度20个农村进行的为期7年的实地准实验结果支持这一观点。本文发现与家庭和社区的关系对创业活动和创业利润存在正向影响，与有权势者的关系则具有负相影响。ICT的使用也对创业产生了重大影响，10个实验组有160家新企业，而对照组只有40家。结果还显示了社会网络和ICT使用的动态相互作用。就与家庭和社区的关系而言，其增强效应是，在具有高中心地位和使用ICT的女性中观察到最高程度的创业活动和成功水平，这些效应随着时间的推移而增加。对于与有权势者的联系，只有当这些联系较低时，ICT的使用才与增加创业活动有关，但这些临时的互动模式不会产生盈利。本文讨论了在发展中国家赋予女性权力这一重大挑战的意义。
The manuscript for this article was accepted for publication during the term of AMJ’s previous Editor-in-Chief, Gerard George.We address a grand economic challenge faced by women in rural India. We consider the interplay of women’s social networks (ties to family, to community, and to men in power), information and communication technology (ICT) use, and time in relating to the initiation and success of women’s entrepreneurial ventures. Results from a seven-year field quasi-experiment in 20 rural villages in India support the model. Ties to family and community positively, and to men in power negatively, relate to ICT use, entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial profit. ICT intervention also strongly impacts entrepreneurship, with 160 new businesses in the 10 intervention villages compared to 40 in the controls. Results also demonstrate the dynamic interplay of social networks and ICT use. For ties to family and community, the amplification effect is such that the highest levels of entrepreneurial activity and success are observed among women with high centrality and ICT use—effects that increase over time. For ties to men in power, ICT use is associated with increased entrepreneurial activity only when these ties are low, but these interactive temporary temporal patterns do not emerge for profit. We address implications for the grand challenges of empowering women in less developed countries.
关键词：
网络；技术；创业；女性；实验
文献来源：
Venkatesh, V., Shaw, J. D., Sykes, T. A., Wamba, S. F., & Macharia, M. (2017). Networks, technology, and entrepreneurship: A field quasi-experiment among women in rural India. Academy of Management Journal, 60(5):1709-1740.
A Multivariate Model of Micro Credit and Rural Women Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh
孟加拉国小额信贷和农村女性创业发展的多元模型
摘要：
在孟加拉国，小额信贷项目对农村女性借款人产生了积极的社会经济影响。然而，人们认为，小额信贷项目只能帮助农村女性借款人生存，并不能帮助她们发展创业能力。因此，本文旨在通过小额信贷项目确定与农村女性借款人创业发展相关的因素。本文使用多变量分析技术，如因子分析，来确定创业发展的相关因素。结构方程模型被用来开发孟加拉国小额信贷项目和农村女性创业发展的模型。结果显示，女性借款人的财务管理技能和群体认同与孟加拉国农村女性创业发展有显著关系。借款人父母家庭的经历和期权限制也可能导致农村女性借款人成为创业者。
In Bangladesh, micro credit programs have positive socioeconomic impact on the rural women borrowers. However, it is perceived that the micro credit programs help the rural women borrowers to survive only and do not help them to develop entrepreneurial capabilities. Hence, this paper aims at identifying the factors related to the development of entrepreneurship among the rural women borrowers through micro credit programs. A multivariate analysis technique like Factor Analysis was conducted to identify the entrepreneurship development related factors. Structural equation modeling was used to develop a model of micro credit program and the development of rural women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Results show that the financial management skills and the group identity of the women borrowers have significant relationship with the development of rural women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. The experience from the parent’s family of the borrowers and the option limit may also lead to the rural women borrowers to be entrepreneurial.
关键词：
小额信贷项目；农村女性借款人；创业发展；财务管理技能；群体认同
文献来源：
Afrin S.,Islam N.,Uddin Ahmed S.(2008).A Multivariate Model of Micro Credit and Rural Women Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh.International Journal of Business and Management,3(8):169-185.
Analysis of the barriers and limitations for the development of rural women’s entrepreneurship
农村女性创业发展的障碍与局限
摘要：
本文考虑到创业在农村的重要性，旨在确定和探索伊朗农村女性创业发展的障碍和限制。本研究采用探索性的定性研究方法来进行，共有两组受访者，包括创业专家和农村女性创业者。数据通过访谈和德尔菲法进行收集，以获得完整和全面的数据。研究结果显示，农村女性创业的障碍和限制可以分为九个方面:人口结构；农村女性的个性和行为状况；家庭特征；农村女性的知识和技能(教育、经验和交流)；文化和社会条件(社区和农村)；获得农村女性所需的设施和服务(在建立、管理和发展企业的过程中)；法律、金融和经济因素；体制和组织因素；地理环境条件(农村环境)。
This study, by considering the importance of entrepreneurship in rural communities, has the aim to identify and explore barriers and limitations of the development of rural women’s entrepreneurship in Iran. This research has been conducted using an exploratory qualitative research methodology with two groups of respondents including both experts on entrepreneurship and rural women’s entrepreneurs. Data were gathered through interviews and the Delphi technique. The data collection process was conducted to obtain complete and
comprehensive data, and saturation was attained in two rounds. The results revealed that barriers and limitations of rural women entrepreneurship can be divided into nine: demographics; personality and behavioural conditions of
rural women; family characteristics; knowledge and skills of rural women (education, experience and communication); cultural and social conditions (community and rural); access to facilities and services needed for rural women (in the process of setting up, managing, and developing businesses); law and legal factors, financial and economic factors; institutional and organisational factors; and geographical and environmental conditions (rural environment).
关键词：
创业；农村女性创业者；创业发展；性别限制；伊朗
文献来源：
Movahedi R.,Yaghoubi-Farani A. (2012). Analysis of the barriers and limitations for the development of rural women’s entrepreneurship. Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 15(4):469-487.
Qualitative exploration of cultural practices inhibiting rural women entrepreneurship development in selected communities in Nigeria
对尼日利亚部分区域内抑制农村女性创业发展的文化习俗的定性研究
摘要：
尼日利亚是一个多民族国家，不同的文化习俗对男性和女性都有不同的影响。然而，文化习俗对创业的影响程度还没有得到足够的重视。因此，本文旨在研究文化习俗、其对农村女性创业的影响、政府干预对农村创业的影响，以及如何利用这些习俗来改善农村女性创业。本研究集中在尼日利亚的东南部和西南部，采用定性方法，包括四个焦点小组和八个案例研究。研究结果显示，大多数女性在文化上受到限制，只能从事某些行业，而信仰体系/传统习俗阻碍了政府倡议的活动。因此，有必要对农村地区进行文化考量和重新定位，以成功发展尼日利亚的女性创业者。
Nigeria is a country with diverse ethnic groups having cultural practices affecting both men and women differently. However, the extent to which the cultural practices have influenced entrepreneurship practices has not been given adequate attention.Therefore, this paper aims at highlighting the cultural practices, their effects on rural women entrepreneurship, the effects of government interventions on rural entrepreneurship, and how the practices can be harnessed to improve rural women entrepreneurship. This study focused on Southeast and Southwest of Nigeria. Qualitative technique with four focus groups and eight case studies was employed. Analysis was supported by ATLAS.ti. The results revealed that most of the women were culturally restricted to engage in certain businesses, while the belief systems/traditional practices inhibited the success of government initiatives. Hence, there is the need for cultural consideration and reorientation of rural communities for successful development of women entrepreneurship in Nigeria.
关键词：
文化习俗；创业；政府干预；农村创业；女性发展
文献来源：
Catherine Abiola O. Akinbami & Joshua O. Aransiola. (2016) .Qualitative exploration of cultural practices inhibiting rural women entrepreneurship development in selected communities in Nigeria, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(2):151-167.
Barriers to Rural Women Entrepreneurs in Oman
阿曼农村女性创业者面临的障碍
摘要：
目的:分析阿曼的农村女性创业者在生活和经营企业时所面临的障碍。本研究确定了许多问题，包括:获得新的风险资金和创新活动，缺乏基于技能的培训和家庭支持。
设计/方法/途径:使用57份半结构化问卷的答复，并对五位女性创业者进行了面对面的定性访谈。根据它们的平均分数、标准偏差和强度对每个因素进行评估和排序。阐述了五个定性案例。
研究结果:虽然阿曼可以说是在两性平等和赋予女性权力方面比较进步的阿拉伯国家之一，但调查结果确定了阻碍女性创业及成功的社会文化因素。本文结果基于Wenneker and Thurik (1999)所定义的创业的三个维度进行讨论，这三个维度是：产生创业的条件、创业特征和创业结果。
研究意义:建议阿曼的政策制定者应该考虑如何更好地支持女性创业，从而使她们的家庭收入多样化，并为该地区的社会经济发展做出贡献，并就如何做到这一点提出建议。
创意/价值:有关阿拉伯背景下农村女性创业的研究非常稀缺。本研究概述了该地区农村女性创业发展所面临的障碍、机遇、挑战以及所需的支持。
Purpose: Analyses barriers confronted by women entrepreneurs living and running businesses in rural Oman. The study identifies numerous problems including: accessing funding for new ventures and innovative activities, a lack of skills based training and limited family support.
Design/methodology/approach: Draws on 57 responses to a semi-structured questionnaire, and face to face qualitative interviews with five women entrepreneurs. Quantitative responses are evaluated and ranked in terms of their mean score, standard deviation and the intensity of each factor. Five qualitative cases are presented.
Findings: Although Oman is arguably one of the more progressive Arab countries regarding gender equality and women empowerment, the findings identify socio-cultural issues that hamper women’s entrepreneurial ventures and their success. The findings are discussed using three dimensions of entrepreneurship identified by Wenneker and Thurik (1999): conditions leading to entrepreneurship, characteristics of entrepreneurship and outcomes of
entrepreneurship.
Practical Implications: Suggests that Omani policy makers should consider how to better support women entrepreneurs so that they can diversify household income and contribute to the socio-economic development of the region and make suggestions on how this can be achieved.
Originality/Value: Research on rural women entrepreneurship in the context of an Arab country is scarce. This study provides an overview of the obstacles, the opportunities and the support required for the development of the rural women entrepreneurship in this region.
关键词：
农村创业者；阿曼女性创业者；阿曼
文献来源：
McElwee, Gerard and Meaton, Julia (2017) Barriers to rural women entrepreneurs in Oman.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. ISSN 1355-2554
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供稿/编辑：刘姿含 | 审核：綦成双
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