英语语法难题探微之“非限定性动词”（六）

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英语语法难题探微之“非限定性动词”（六）

Original 2018-03-19 教学必备的 外语教师联盟

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外语教师联盟每周一

“专项语法难题探微”栏目

首期知识点为大家带来了

定语从句（可点击阅读原文查看）

本期第二个知识点

非限定性动词

第六讲

“介词+关系代词+带to不定式”结构的特点

本期内容导图（点击查看大图）

定

语

从

句

“介词+关系代词+带to不定式”结构是一种特殊形式的不定式短语,在书面语言,特别是在科技英语中已是屡见不鲜的了。这一结构具有以下一些特点:

这一结构中的关系代词通常只有which和whom两个。先行词指物时用which,指人时用whom。

例如:

The chief engineer is the best man with whom to consult about the matter.

总工程师是商量这件事最合适的人。(whom指the best man)

There is usually no reserve fuel stored away with which to meet such an emergency.

通常没有储存应付这样的急需的备用燃料。( which 指 reserve fuel )

After the harvest, the peasants select their best farm produce with which to pay their tax to the state.

收割后,农民们挑出最好的农产品以作税款交给政府。(which指their best farm produce )

这一结构在句子中只用作后置定语,相当于“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。

例如:

She is a nice person with whom to work. (= person with whom we can work.)

她是个很容易共事的人。

Sound can travel only when there is something, such as air, through which to travel. (…, through which it can travel.)

只有存在像空气那样可以传声的介质时,声音才能得到传播。

The factory has devised a special heat treatment by which to change the physical properties of the nickel-containing alloy. (=... by which it can change…)

这家工厂设计了一种特殊热处理,用来改变含镍合金的物理性能。

这一结构有时也相当于“不定式+宾语+介词”结构

例如:

A paper tiger, he said, is not something dead with which to scare crows. (= to scare crows with.)

他说，纸老虎不是用来吓唬乌鸦的死东西。

In the laboratory, the students have many instruments with which to do experiments. （=… to do experiments with )

在实验室里,同学们有很多做实验用的仪器。

这种结构中的“介词+关系代词”在句中通常作状语用修饰其后的不定式,这从下面的转换中便可看出。

例如：

She had only $ 1.87 with which to buy him a present. (= She had $1. 87 and could buy him a present with only that much.)

她只有1.87美元，是用来给他买件礼物的。

We can think of an optical telescope as a window from which to look out into space. (=We can think of an optical telescope as a window, and we can look out into space from it.)

我们可以把光学望远镜视为观察太空的窗口。

这一结构中的不定式的逻辑主语一般是句中的主语,或者是泛指的。

例如:

The feeder requires a sliding track on which to move · (=... on which it, i.e. the feeder, moves. ) 燃料器需要一个滑轨,以便在上面移动。

Here is the metre with which to test the tubes. (= with which one can test the tubes.)

这就是用来测试管子的仪表。

The idea by which to test pedantry (=by which people test pedantry), then is fitness—and fitness not only as regards time and place, but also as regards degree, quality, amount or kind.

这样看来,用来检验是否学究气的一个概念就是适宜得当一一不仅是时间和地点方面的适宜得当,也是在程度、质量、数量或种类方面的适宜得当。

必须注意，若定语从句有自己的主语，而这一主语不是句中的主语时，则定语从句不可转换成“介词+关系代词+带to不定式”结构。

例如：

Work is the product of a force and the distance through which it acts.

功是力和力所作用的距离的乘积。

此句定语从句的主语是it，所指代的是a force，与主句的主语不同，所以这一句子不能转换为“Work…through which to act”。

除上所述，在应用这一结构时还要注意，这种结构中的不定式通常不能是被动形式。

例如下面一句中的定语从句一般不能转换成这一结构：

The government agrees to install services which are to be paid for by residents over a ten-year period. (*... for which to be paid by residents over a ten-year period.)

政府同意提供服务设施，经费由居民在10年期间偿还。

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