美国堕胎与生育权利之战:运动动员与策略 / 翻译
作者 / Suzanne Staggenborg (匹兹堡大学社会学教授) , Marie B. Skoczylas (匹兹堡大学博士生)
翻译 / Aphra
排版 / 亦源 一沛 市民王八蛋
[译者按]
本文从《美国女性社会运动的行动主义牛津手册》 (The Oxford Handbook of U.S.Women's Social Movement Activism) 译出,以飨读者。原文著于 2017 年,自无法涵盖近年来的法律变化和新的研究成果。且原文美国政治法律术语和组织名称纷繁,笔者限于学力,难免有较多错漏,还望读者指正。
[摘要]
本章探讨美国的女性主义者争取堕胎和生育权利的历史,并分析这些议题为何能持续动员相反运动的参与者。符号政治 (Symbolic politics) 是冲突长期存在的一个重要原因,而堕胎与生育权利则关乎对性别和性存在的关切;运动 / 反运动的动态变化也有助于保持冲突的活力:当一方赢得战果,另一方则获得动员的促力,彼此开始新一轮的争斗;女性主义的策略和框架也一直在适应政治和文化环境的变化,随着不同群体(如年轻女性、有色人种女性)参与组织,她们为争取堕胎和生育权利的斗争贡献了新的框架和策略。
长期以来,在美国和许多国家,堕胎与生育权利一直是女性主义的关键议题。许多在「第二波」女性运动中活跃的女性即围绕堕胎以及生育控制进行动员,而对这些权利的威胁则仍激励着许多年轻的女性主义继续参与当代的运动。本章将探讨两个主要问题:首先,堕胎和生育权利议题为何能持续动员参与者?其次,女性主义者如何有效地改变其战略——包括冲突目的、战术选择和议题框架,以回应对生育权利的新挑战?即使本章的重点是生育权利运动,我们也研究了反堕胎运动和更广泛的反女权运动,因为这些反女权运动影响了女权运动的动员能力和战略抉择。鉴于堕胎具有深刻的个人重要性和象征意义,我们也研究了堕胎议题对身处冲突两端女性的激励作用。对于如何解释某一议题的动员能力和战略抉择,我们将介绍部分关键的理论观点,其中包括符号政治。这一概念经常被用于研究堕胎议题、社会运动动员的原因、策略抉择、运动/反运动的动态变化,这些均对理解围绕堕胎的冲突至关重要。
我们首先介绍美国围绕堕胎和生育开展的女性运动的历史,并重点关注动员和战略随时间的演变;然后,我们研究为何堕胎对双方而言都仍是个重大的议题;最后,我们评估堕胎和生育作为一个动员议题的持续重要性,以及女性运动调整其战略的能力。
美国围绕堕胎与生育的女性运动
在 2016 年的最高法院的裁决之前,各州立法机构通过的限制堕胎法规数量一直在急剧上升,使女性更难获得堕胎。在 2001 年至 2010 年期间,州级通过了 189 项限制堕胎法规(Boonstra 和 Nash 2014),而在 2011 年和 2014 年之间则急剧增加到 231 项 (Guttmacher Institute, January 5, 2015)。这些反堕胎的措施包括延长等待期、规定年龄限制、禁止联邦医疗补助支付、限制保险范围、父母知情同意、强制性超声波检测以及医生必须向病人宣读文本,而被宣读的文本不准确地将堕胎与乳腺癌、心理疾病或自杀进行关联 (Pollitt 2014: 24)。2015 年,亚利桑那州长首次签署了一项法律,要求医生告知客户她们会经历药物流产的副作用 (Rojas 2015)。在俄亥俄州,立法者批准将资金用于「危机怀孕中心 (crisis pregnancy centers)」,这一中心劝说女性不要堕胎,而这些资金原本则计划用于援助贫困家庭(Pollitt 2014: 24)。堪萨斯州立法机构通过了一项法律,限制最为常见的孕中期(四个月到六个月)的堕胎措施(Eckholm 和 Robles 2015)。2015 年夏,一个反堕胎组织开始在网上发布经过编辑的视频,指责计划生育协会从出售胎儿组织中获利,在国会的共和党人则作出响应,提案取消对计划生育协会的联邦资助的法案,而这些资助本大多用于一般性的健康保健服务 (Calmes 2015)。
随着时间推移,堕胎冲突的性质明显地发生了变化,性别和家庭角色也在进行演变。然而,性别议题仍是持续进行的围绕堕胎斗争的核心,正如前文已详述的最近新闻事件所表明的那样。波利特 (Pollitt 2014:31) 认为,反堕胎运动并非仅是关乎胎儿的生命权,而且「也是对女性日益增长的自由和权力的抗议,包括她们在性方面的自由和权力」。她认为,关于堕胎的讨论往往聚焦在对女性性存在的判断上,如共和党政治家进行的那些与强奸幸存者有关的广泛宣传,如托德·阿金 (Todd Akin) 断言在所谓「合法」的强奸中不会发生怀孕 (2014:105)。佩奇 (2006) 还发现,反堕胎者反对性自由,且运动中的许多人既反对堕胎也反对避孕。即使女性在家庭外的工作已经变得普遍且广泛接受,但她们作为性行为参与者的独立性仍然是一个有争议的问题,而这则影响了关于堕胎和节育的辩论。
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