炎症性肠病患者中艰难梭状芽胞杆菌感染的流行病学、诊断和治疗
翻译及述评:第四军医大学第一附属医院 消化内科 梁洁
来源:医学界消化频道(IBD学习驿站出品)
摘要
艰难梭状芽胞杆菌(CDI)是美国医疗卫生体系中发病和死亡的重要原因,也是炎症性肠病(IBD)患者感染的主要病原菌之一。炎症性肠病患者比常规人群更容易并发和激活CDI感染,同样CDI感染也会增加IBD疾病活动、结肠切除和死亡率。即使通过有效的初始治疗,治愈CDI,其感染也很容易复发。临床对于IBD合并CDI的诊治面临一些挑战,因为CDI和IBD的临床表现常常重叠,难以早期诊断和治疗。当常规治疗失败后,粪菌移植是治疗CDI感染的有效手段,但是粪菌移植也有可能造成IBD疾病活动,因此需要慎重选择。新的治疗方法如疫苗、单克隆抗体、艰难梭状芽胞杆菌非致病菌株等为治疗CDI感染提供了希望,但目前还不能在临床广泛应用。对于肠道菌群、CDI和IBD复杂关系的理解有待进一步深入。
Abstract: Clostridium difficileinfection (CDI) is a major source of morbidity and mortality for the U.S. health care system and frequently complicates the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with IBD are more likely to be colonized withC. difficileand develop active infection than the general population. They are also more likely to have severe CDI and develop subsequent complications such as IBDflare, colectomy, or death. Even after successful initial treatment and recovery, recurrent CDI is common. Management of CDI in IBD is fraught with diagnostic and therapeutic challenges because the clinical presentations of CDI and IBDflare have considerable overlap. Fecal microbiota transplantation can be successful in curing recurrent CDI when other treatments have failed, but may also trigger IBDflare and this warrants caution. New experimental treatments including vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and nontoxigenic strains ofC. difficileoffer promise but are not yet available for clinicians. A better understanding of the complex relationship between the gut microbiota, CDI, and IBD is needed.
摘要来源:Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016;0:1–11
述评
翻译及述评 梁洁 西京消化病医院
艰难梭菌是一种革兰阴性产芽孢厌氧杆菌,为医院内感染的一种常见条件致病菌,可引起腹泻、伪膜性肠炎、败血症及死亡。艰难梭菌感染的危险因素包括: 抗生素暴露、免疫力低下、长期住院、老年等[1],但目前欧美诸多研究显示IBD是艰难梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium difficile, C. diff)感染的独立危险因素,特别是UC[2]。
我国缺乏大规模流行病学调查结果,对于全国10个省/直辖市的12个城市6861例腹泻患者中C. diff毒素分析提示,腹泻患者粪便中产毒素C. diff的阳性率是15.0%,与欧美国家的检出水平相似[3]。对于IBD患者,一项单中心回顾性研究发现UC患者艰难梭菌感染率低于CD患者,处于疾病活动期的IBD患者艰难梭菌感染率显著高于缓解期患者,初发型IBD患者艰难梭菌感染率高于非初发型患者,结肠受累者艰难梭菌感染率显着高于非结肠受累者。提示与健康成年人相比,IBD患者艰难梭菌感染率明显升高,活动期及结肠受累的IBD患者可能更易感染艰难梭菌[4]。对于IBD患者,长期使用激素、免疫抑制剂等,增加了C. diff感染的风险,一项大规模人群回顾性研究发现,无论使用剂量或时间,激素相对于其他免疫抑制剂及生物制剂,增加3倍感染C. diff的风险[5]。而长期应用免疫抑制剂也增加IBD患者C. diff感染的风险[6],长期应用生物制剂,不明显增加IBD患者C. diff感染风险[7]。
综上,IBD是C. diff感染的独立危险因素,疾病活动期感染率高于缓解期,应用激素治疗或长期应用免疫抑制剂治疗,增加IBD患者C. diff感染的风险。但是我国缺乏大规模流行病学调查结果,此外,C. diff合并UC还是CD感染率更高,也需要多中心、大规模人群调查证明。
C. diff感染的传播媒介众多,其中经手传播是重要的途径[8],通过手套或手卫生防护,是防止院内感染的重要手段。我国有研究对于5种不同手卫生方法清除手上C. diff细菌的效果进行比较,发现普通肥皂液对于C. diff的清除效果最好,其次依次为抗菌肥皂液、季铵盐消毒湿巾、流动水、含醇快速手消毒液六步洗手法[9]。如果发现有确诊或疑似C. diff感染的患者,建议进行隔离,防止院内扩大感染[10]。
IBD感染C. diff的患者不一定都有抗生素用药史,有报道显示仅在43%的IBD既往使用抗生素的患者中检测到C. diff毒素阳性[11]。甲硝唑作为C. diff感染的首选治疗,即使是二次复发感染[12]。甲硝唑的用量一般为200-250 mg 4次/日或400-500mg 3次/日,使用10-14天。万古霉素对于复发型C. diff感染或甲硝唑无效的C. diff感染有效[13]。一些荟萃分析也显示,万古霉素和甲硝唑及其他抗生素,如梭链孢酸、硝唑尼特、利福昔明疗效无明显统计学差异[14,15,16]。对于重症C. diff感染或甲硝唑治疗后症状加重的患者,建议早期使用万古霉素[17]。急性C. diff感染万古霉素建议每6h口服125mg,与静脉500mg静滴 4次/日等效[18]。为了防止C. diff感染的复发,建议万古霉素逐渐减量或间断用药,具体用法为每3天125-500mg 持续2-3周[19]。其他抗生素,如硝唑尼特、利福昔明主要用于复发型C. diff感染[20]。替加环素是一种静脉给药具有较好粪便渗透性的抗生素,对于严重、复杂、复发型C. diff感染有效[21]。一项III期临床试验显示口服非达霉素(200 mg 2次/日,10日)对于轻中度C. diff感染有效,同时相对于万古霉素治疗较少复发[22]。
粪菌移植作为我国起源的古老方法[23],近年受到广泛关注,特别对于C. diff感染,无论是新鲜粪菌移植[24]或粪便肠溶胶囊[25]都对C. diff感染治疗有效,甚至优于传统甲硝唑、万古霉素药物治疗。一项包括27个研究317名患者的荟萃分析显示,粪菌移植对于顽固性C. diff感染治疗有效[26]。粪菌移植治疗IBD也在全世界开展,但结果不尽一致,与粪菌移植的供体、溶媒、输注途径等有关,近期Gastroenterology同期报道了2篇粪菌移植治疗UC的临床试验,一项认为明显改善症状、提高生活质量[27];另一项结果不显着[28]。我国学者在此也做了大量研究,认为粪菌移植对于激素依赖的UC[29]或顽固性CD有效[30],如果合并C. diff感染,对于C. diff感染的控制有效。
IBD患者合并用药对C. diff感染的风险主要源自硫唑嘌呤[31]。欧洲一项多中心回顾研究提示:12%接受抗生素及免疫抑制剂治疗的活动期IBD患者合并C. diff感染,最终增加死亡、结肠切除、住院、中毒性巨结肠、肠道穿孔、缺血性休克、呼吸衰竭的风险。但如果患者仅给予抗生素,不合并免疫抑制剂,不增加上述风险。如果合并使用免疫抑制剂超过一种,进一步增加了上述风险[32]。对于IBD合并C. diff感染的患者是否使用免疫抑制剂,建议酌情考虑,权衡免疫抑制剂治疗效果和增加C. diff感染风险导致不良后果的利弊。IBD患者使用激素是否增加C. diff感染的风险,目前仅有少量病例报道[33],尚无明显证据证明激素使用可增加C. diff感染。
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作者简介:
梁洁,女,第四军医大学第一附属医院消化内科副教授,博士生导师。中华医学会青年协作组秘书、中华医学会消化病分会炎症性肠病学组委员、陕西省消化病学会青年委员会副主任委员、西安市消化病学会委员,中国女科技工作者协会委员,美国弗吉尼亚联邦大学博士后,擅长胃食管疾病、肠道疾病及消化道肿瘤疾病的临床与基础研究,发表相关论文70余篇,其中SCI论文60篇,包括Cancer Cell在内第一/通讯作者论文23篇,主编《朊蛋白》专著一本,两次受邀世界胃肠病大会、一次受邀德国林岛诺贝尔奖会议、多次受邀中华医学会消化病分会等国内会议进行大会报告,主持国家级基金5项,参与973、863、国家自然科学基金重点项目、重大项目等20余项。获立个人二、三等功各一次,2008年参与获得国家科技进步一等奖,2010年全国百篇优秀博士论文获得者,2013年国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金获得者,2013年国家青年科技奖获得者,2015年总后优秀青年科技人才。
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