考点解析 | 初中英语重点短语辨析(四)
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1. all/ whole
Ⅰ. 二者意义(“全部、都、整个”)相同,然而词序不同。
Ⅱ. all用于冠词,所有格或其它“限定词”之前。
whole 则用于冠词之后。如:
① all the time. ────→the whole time.全部时间
② all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生
③ all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion.整个混乱状况。
Ⅲ. 如果没有冠词,或其它限定词,whole不能与单数名词连用。可以说:
① The whole city was burning.但不能说:
② Whole London was burning.
Ⅳ.whole 和 all 与复数名词连用时意思不同。Whole 的意思为“全部”,而all的意思则近乎“每一个”如:
① All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America.
所有印第安人部首都因白人移民美洲而遭殃。
② Whole Indian tribes were killed off.有些印第安人部落整个被杀光了。
Ⅴ. whole 一般不用来修饰不可数名词(包括物质名词)
① 可以说:all the money 或all the wine
② 不可以说:the whole money 或the whole wine.
③ The whole of = whole 与单数名词连用。它用于冠词、所有格之前。
the whole of the time.
the whole of my life
the whole of this confusion
2. allow/ permit/ let/ promise
Ⅰ. allow“允许、许可”,一般指听任,或默许某人去做什么,含有消极地不反对的意味。如:
① We allowed him to depart.
我们允许他离去。
② Who allowed you to leave the camp?
谁允许你离开营地的?
③ I can’t allow you to do that.
我不能允许你做那件事。
allow 也可表客气的请求。如
① Will you allow me to use your pen?
我可以用你的钢笔吗?
Ⅱ. permit “允许、许可”但是正式地许可,含有比较积极地同意某人去做什么的意味。如:
① I will permit him to do so.
我准备同意他这样做。
② The sentinel permitted the strangers to pass when they had given the countersign.
当这群陌生人说出口令后,哨兵就允许他们通过了。
[注]:allow 与 permit 的涵义虽有差别,但在语言实践中,它们常常被通用着。如:
① Smoking is not allowed here.此处禁止吸烟。
② Smoking is not permitted in this theatre.
本戏院里禁止吸烟
Ⅲ. let.“允许、让”它可以指积极地允许,但更多的是着重指不予反对和阻止其后所跟的宾语要接不带to的不定式用以表示客气的请求时,可与allow通用。且更具有口语色彩。如:
① Her father will not let her go.她父亲不会让她去。
② Don’t let this happen again. 不要让这种事发生了。
③ Please let me know what happens.请告诉我发生些什么事。
Ⅳ. promise “答应” “允诺”。与以上三个词的意义不同,用于主体答应自己要作什么的场合。如:
① He promised to begin at once.
他答应立刻开始。
② I promised (him) to attend to the matter promptly.
我答应(他)立即处理这件事。
③ They promised an immediate reply.
他们答应立即答复。
3. almost/ nearly
Ⅰ. almost“差不多、几乎”有very, nearly 的意思。如:
① He has almost finished his work.
他差不多完成了他的工作。
② Almost no one took any rest.
几乎没有一个人休息一下。
Ⅱ. nearly “差不多、几乎、将近”指一差距一般比almost 大。如:
① It’s nearly five o’clock.
差不多五点钟了。
② Nearly everyone knows it.
几乎每个人都知道这个。
③ He’s nearly ready.
他快准备好了。
[注]:almost有时可与nearly通用,但当其与no, none, nothing, never连用时,不用nearly。如以上almost的例①可以互换,但例②则不能。
4. alone/ lonely
Ⅰ. alone adj. “单独的”只能作表语。如:
① I’m alone but I don’t fell lonely.我单身一人但我从不觉得孤独。
② 此外alone 还可作副词。相当于by oneself,“单独地”“独自”
③ I’ll go there alone.我将独自去那儿。
Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤独的”“寂寞的”有时还可表示“荒凉的”“无人烟的”意思,与deserted意思相同。含有较浓的情感色彩。既可作定语也可作表语。如:
① We’re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely.
② a lonely / deserted island
5. aloud/ loud/ loudly
Ⅰ. aloud adv. “出声地”有使能听得到的意味。如:
① Please read the story aloud. 请朗读这个故事。
② They were shouting aloud.他们在高声地呼喊。
Ⅱ. loud. adv “高声地、大声地、响亮地”常指在说笑等方面。如:
① Don’t talk so loud. 不要如此高声地谈话。
② Speak louder. 说得大声点。
Ⅲ. loudly adv. “高声地”有时与loud 通用,但含有喧闹的意味。如:
① Someone knocked loudly at the door.
有人大声敲门。
② Don’t talk so loudly(loud).
不要如此高声地谈话。
6. already/ yet /still
Ⅰ. already. adv. “已经”多用于肯定句中,通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。也可用于疑问句,但不表真心的疑问,而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。如:
① I’ve seen the film already.
② The train has already left.
火车已经开走了。
③ Have you already had breakfast?
难道你已经吃过早餐了?
Ⅱ. yet adv “已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句,且常常置于句末。如:
① He hasn’t found his bike yet
他还没有找到他的自行车。
Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、还”可用于各种句中,且一般只用于句中。如:
① Do you still teach in that school?
你还在那所学校教书?
[注]:still在句中的位置不同,其意义也不同。如:
① He is still(还)standing there.
② He is standing there still(adj.不动的、静止的)
他站在那儿一动也不动。
7. also/ as well/ too/ either “也”
Ⅰ. also较正式,位置通常靠近动词,用于句中;且用于肯定句中。如:
① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。
② I was also there.我也在那儿。
Ⅱ. too 多用于口语,通常置于句末,前边须用逗号隔开,也可用于句中,且前后均须用逗号隔开,;用于肯定句中。如:
① He is a worker, too.
② The two cows, too, are white.
那两头奶牛也全都是白的。
Ⅲ. as well 是副词短语,多用于口语,只用于句末。如:
① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.
她不但教过我们英语,还教过我们数学。
② He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教师,也是一位作家。
Ⅳ. either 用于否定句中,常置于句末。在肯定句变否定句时,其中的also, too, as well都要改为either.
① Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film, either.
昨天我没有看电视,也没有看电影。
8. for / from / since
Ⅰ. 三者都能用来表示时间,但用法不同。
since “自从”,所表示的是一个时间点。可用作介词,也可用作连词,后接时间名词或短语,或引导时间状语从句;要求前面的谓语动词或主句的谓语动词必须用完成时态,要用延续性动词。而since引导的从句中的谓语动词通常应是短暂性的动词。若接时间,则应为点时间。如:
① He has worked there since1989.
② She has lived here since she moved here.
Ⅱ. from “自从” 只用作介词,表一个事情的开始点,可用于过去、现在或将来的时态。如:
① They worked from 7:00 to 12:00 this morning.
② We have been good friends from childhood.
Ⅲ. for 作为介词,后面接段时间,用于完成时、现在时、过去时和将来时,句中要用延续性动词。如:
① We’ll stay here for ten minutes.
我们将在这儿呆10分钟。
② They have studied English for three yeas.
9. although/ though
Ⅰ. although conj. “尽管、虽然”引导让步状语从句,相当于 though. 只是比though稍微正式些。多用于句首。though 用于非正式文体中,较普遍,但以下几种用法,不能用although. 如:
表强调时,要用even though,如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.
尽管我一字不识,我还是一直微笑着。
②. Though可用在倒装句中,如:
Young though he is, he is quite experienced.
他虽然年轻,但很有经验。
③ though 可作副词,表示“然而”放在句末或其它位置。如:He said he would come, he didn’t though.他说他要来,结果他却没来。
[此外],although不用着副词。在英语中如果用了although 或 though, 就不能再有but,但可以用yet或still; 反之,如果用了but , 就不能用although 和 though. 如:
① Although he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard. = He is in poor health, but he works hard.虽然他身体不好,但他工作仍努力。
②Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.虽然天气很冷,他未穿外衣就出去了。
③ He is quite strong, although very old. 他虽然很老了,但还是十分健壮。
Ⅱ. though 常用作连词,“虽然”。在口语中还用着副词,一般放在句末,意为“可是、然而”等。如:
① He didn’t light the fire, though it was cold.
天气虽很冷,他却还没生火。
② Though it was very late, he went on working.
虽然很晚了,他还是继续工作。
③ He said he would come, he didn’t, though.
他说他来,可是结果他没有来。
10 . always / yet
Ⅰ. always “总是;一直”常与一般现在时连用。有时也与进行时连用, 但并不强调动作正在进行,而是表示“赞叹、厌烦、不满”等情绪。常用于肯定句中,放在“三类词”(情态动词、助动词、系动词本书称为“三类词”)之后,行为动词之前。如:
① We always get up before six o’clock.
我们总是六点前起床。
② He is always thinking of others.
他总是想着别人。
Ⅱ. yet. “仍然;还”常与not连用。用于否定结构中。如:
①He hasn’t finished the work yet. 他还没完成这项工作。
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