【科学综述】Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals and their ......
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Abstract
In recent years, metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have been favored by many researchers due to their unique properties including long carrier diffusion length, high carrier mobility, tunable emission wavelength, and narrow full width at half maximum, making them great application potentials in optoelectronic devices. The photoluminescence quantum yields of perovskite NCs are nearly 100%, and the device efficiency of perovskite NC‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) has been improved significantly from below 0.1% to over 20%. In addition, perovskite NC‐based solar cells and photodetectors have also developed rapidly in recent years. Here, we summarize the synthesis and the basic optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskite NCs and introduce their applications in LEDs, solar cells, and photodetectors.
Introduction
Organic‐inorganic hybrid and all‐inorganic metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have very recently emerged as interesting materials because of their superior properties for optoelectronic applications. For instance, their unique optical versatility, long charge carrier diffusion length, high photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QYs), tunable bandgaps over the entire visible spectral range, and facile synthesis, all make them increasingly effective in the field of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, and photodetectors.1-12
The exploration of perovskite materials started a long time before they have been intensively studied in recent years. In 1839, Russian mineralogist L. A. Perovski firstly proposed the perovskite crystal structure when studying calcium titanate (CaTiO3) in the metamorphic rocks of the Ural Mountains. Since then, CaTiO3 and later any compound denoted by a general chemical formula of ABX3 are named as perovskite.13-16 Among metal halide perovskite materials, symbol A generally represents a monovalent organic cation or inorganic metal cation (eg, methylammonium [MA+,
When the dimensions of a material decrease, the material usually gains a higher surface area to volume ratios. Subsequently, the surface states of the materials will become more important and ultimately dominant. The surface dangling bonds produced by the surface lattice defects of NCs will affect their optical properties. When the defect energy level is lower than the exciton energy level, the defect energy level may capture electrons and holes, and then excitons recombine through the defect state, giving off light and/or heat. Additionally, the quantum size effect will appear to significantly change the energy spectrum of electrons and their behaviors.18 Lots of studies have been focused on the synthesis of metal halide perovskite NCs by using different methods including colloidal synthesis, antisolvent, substrate evaporation, and substrate vapor transport.24-31 By controlling the conditions of the chemical reactions, high‐quality and well‐defined morphology of perovskite NCs with different dimensions have been implemented.32
We will review the recent achievements in the preparation and optoelectronic applications of organic‐inorganic hybrid and all‐inorganic metal halide perovskite NCs. Their crystal structures and optoelectronic properties are first introduced. Next, we summarize the synthetic methods of metal halide perovskite NCs including quantum dots (QDs), nanowires (NWs), and nanoplatelets (NPLs), and discuss their advantages and problems. Then, we discuss their applications in optoelectronic devices of LEDs, solar cells, and photodetectors. We hope to provide some valuable insights into the current status of perovskite materials and stimulate new ideas and further research on their practical applications.
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