通往昆明之路，如何抵达可持续？
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《生物多样性保护与绿色发展》期刊2021年12月首刊发表了中国绿发会副理事长兼秘书长周晋峰博士署名文章”通往昆明之路：保护人民的生物多样性“，文章就CBD COP15筹备以来及包括中国在内的生物多样性状况进行了总结分析，并强调充分调动人民参与生物多样性保护。
关键字：CBD COP15 生态文明 生物多样性 人民参与
The first issue of Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development published in December published the article of Dr. Zhou Jinfeng, Deputy Director-General and Secretary-General of China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation. The article Road to Kunming: Protecting Biodiversity for and by the people summarizes China’s effort in preparing for CBD COP 15, and the status of biodiversity conservation globally. Dr.Zhou also stresses the importance of people’s participation in biodiversity conservation.
Key words: CBD COP15, Ecological Civilization, Biodiversity Conservation, People’s Participation
摄/朱曦
通往昆明之路：保护人民的生物多样性
在吸引公众关注并成为政治、经济议题方面，生物多样性受到的关注明显少于气候变化。联合国生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)在2019年发布了明确警告，自然资源正在以前所未有的速度枯竭，对人类福祉造成严重威胁，数百万物种面临灭绝。幸运的是，这种情况正在逐渐改变，因为有越来越多的人意识到我们的命运与自然交织在一起。
气候变化和生物多样性问题密不可避免地紧密相连。因为生物多样性的丧失不仅降低了地球的自我复原能力，还严重抑制了人类适应气候变化的能力。另一方面，一些政府、政府间合作组织以及一些其他行动引领者和利益攸关方，仍在继续将生物多样性和气候变化割裂开来，并施以区别对待。
众所周知，中国政府自2020年以来一直在努力减轻新冠疫情的负面影响，积极参与全球生物多样性治理，稳步推进联合国《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方会议（CBD COP15）的筹备工作, 并真诚邀请世界各国代表汇聚昆明，探索保护生物多样性的方法。
现在，除2020年后全球生物多样性框架外，会议的第一阶段已完成对其他所有主题的审议，而2020后全球生物多样性框架将作为未来10年全球生物多样性保护的蓝图，在明年上半年的会议上进行审议和宣布。
国际社会认为这次会议是解决全球生物多样性丧失千载难逢的机会，也清晰地传递了中国政府与国际社会合作的意愿，以及坚定不移的承诺与推动。中国政府用 CBD COP15官方网站，为社会各界建立了一座新的桥梁，让他们能够了解、接近会议，积极参与生物多样性保护。
CBD COP15也是中国展示其通过“生态文明”愿景、“生态红线”系统和“一带一路”倡议等，为生物多样性保护所付诸努力与取得成果的机会。当中国申请主办CBD COP15时，最初选择的是以北京作为主办城市，但后来改为昆明。从生物多样性角度考虑，这样的决定是有道理的。昆明是云南省的省会，这是一个位于中国西南部的亚热带地区的省份，也是中国生物多样性最丰富的省份，虽然面积仅占全国的4.1%，却囊括了地球上除海洋和沙漠外的所有生态系统类型，主要生物类群物种种数接近或超过全国的一半，其保护动物物种占全国的72.5%。
关于对 CBD COP15最重要成果的预期，非2020年后全球生物多样性框架莫属，这是一个拯救地球生命的新计划。在未来10年及以后，世界需要一个能够切实践行且行之有效的行动框架和目标，才能够使人类社会有望实现《生物多样性公约》中关于到2050年实现“与自然和谐生活”的总体目标。
我们需要额外重视生物多样性保护，目前各国做得还远远不够，这点从对“爱知目标”的践行结果可以看出。中国可以并已经在这方面做出表率。在2021年这个关键的时间节点上，中国将继续深化生态文明建设，坚持生态优先、绿色发展，恪守现有生物多样性保护相关的政策法规，完善生态红线建设，严格控制对重要生态空间和生物资源的开发利用，将生态系统保护和恢复纳入国家中长期发展规划，更新中国生物多样性保护战略和行动计划，为2020年后全球生物多样性框架和实现联合国可持续发展目标提供有力支持。
“生态文明：共建地球生命共同体”的主题符合全球可持续发展的趋势，表达了对世界各地人民携手建设和分享地球生命社区的愿望，体现了生态文明思想的全球意义。这对加强国际社会保护生物多样性的政治意愿，实现可持续利用和生物多样性利益共享，以及“与自然和谐生活”的愿景，起着至关重要的作用。
尽管很多国家都做出了努力，但仍然需要不断创新和完善我们的理念与方案。目前的方法，如基于自然的解决方案(NbS)，以及现有的资金和资源的调动，还不足以阻止生物多样性的快速丧失。因此，中国生物多样性保护与绿色发展基金会（简称绿会）在此基础上提出了一个革命性的概念，即“邻里生物多样性保护”(BCON)理念。
何为“邻里生物多样性保护”？我们对其在宗旨、重点适用领域和所能发挥的作用方面，已形成了详细阐述。传统的生物多样性保护主要在偏远的山区、自然荒野和自然保护区进行，虽然这种保护至关重要，但现实告诉我们，这样的努力还远远不足以扭转生物多样性迅速丧失的全球趋势。由于人类居住面积的扩大，研究如何有效保护人口密集地区的生物多样性具有重要意义。BCON旨在促进人类活动密集地区的生物多样性的有效保护，将保护和发展与可持续生计和生物多样性保护相结合。在我们的生活范围内，如果我们不能完全保护自然，我们可以通过减少对自然和野生动物的干扰来提高它们生存和发展的机会。
保护生物多样性的方式同样需要创新思维。例如，少数民族社区有着悠久的历史、文化和生态环境，因此，对少数民族社区的生物多样性保护，还需涵盖对民族传统文化的保护。这对于支持可持续发展、维持生物学上重要的景观和生态系统以及为后代保护遗传多样性至关重要。但显然，我们不能因为保护将这些少数民族社区按传统方式割裂出来。绿会在此基础上创新了新形式的保护方式，即“绿会保护地”(CCAfa)体系，CCAfa旨在为社会建立一种有效的机制，参与生物多样性保护，保护不同生态系统、物种、基因和自然景观的独特系统。保护地分为自然保护地和文化保护地。自然保护地是针对由于人类活动和环境变化而需要保护的濒危动植物。文化保护地是针对具有突出文化和历史价值的景观、建筑以及村落。该系统还鼓励和支持志愿者、非政府组织和当地社区积极参与进来。也由此，使得包括少数民族地方在内的各类型保护对象可以得到快速有效的保护。
毫无疑问，无论是BCON,还是CCAfa，任何一种保护，都离不开人民的广泛参与。地球面临着第六次生物大灭绝，生物多样性以前所未有的速度丧失，人类活动造成气候变化，引发包括干旱和洪水的各种灾害。从原始文明、农业文明到工业文明的过程促进了人类社会的进步和繁荣。但它也带来了上述各种严重的问题。我们迫切需要进入人与自然和谐生活的生态文明阶段。但我们都知道，个人能力是有限的，只有通过全社会的联动，我们才能更有效地采取行动。
Road to Kunming: Protecting Biodiversity for and by the People
By Dr. Zhou Jinfeng Secretary-general of CBCGDF
When it comes to capturing public attention and becoming a political and economic agenda, biodiversity protection receives significantly less attention than climate change . The United Nations Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) issued a clear warning in 2019 that natural resources are being depleted at an unprecedented rate, resulting in severe consequences for human well-being and the extinction of millions of species.
Climate change and biodiversity are inextricably linked with each other, because the loss of biodiversity not only reduces the earth’s self-rehabilitation ability, but also severely suppresses human adaptation capacity to climate change. Some governments, intergovernmental agencies, and other action leaders and stakeholders, continue to look at the problems in isolation and treat biodiversity and climate change as separate issues.
As is well known, the Chinese government has made unremitting endeavor to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 since 2020 by actively participating in global biodiversity governance, and steadilyadvancingthe preparations for the CBD COP15.
The Chinese governemnt has sincerely invited representatives from all over the world to gather in Kunming to explore ways to protect biodiversity.
Now, the first part of COP15 has completed the deliberation of all other agendas except for the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. The Framework, which serves as the blueprint for global biodiversity conservation over the next decade, will be reviewed and announced at the second part of COP15 in the first half of next year.
The international community regards the meeting as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to address the global biodiversity loss. In COP15, Chinese government clearly conveys the will to cooperate with the international community, stressing its unswerving commitment to the world. The official CBD COP15 website is a bridge built by the Chinese government for the public to understand and get involved in the conference, and actively participate in biodiversity conservation
COP15 is an opportunity for China to showcase its efforts in biodiversity conservation, both through the "Ecological Civilization" vision, the "Ecological Red Line" system, and the Belt and Road Initiative. When China applied to host CBD COP15, it initially chose Beijing as the host city, but later changed to Kunming. Such decision makes sense from a biodiversity perspective. Kunming is the capital city of Yunnan province, which is a subtropical province in southwest China, as well as the most biodiversity abundant province in China. Covering an area of 4.1 per cent of China’s land territory, Yunnan has all the ecosystems except ocean and desert, and its species take up nearly half or more than half of the country’s total figure, while the protected animal species account for 72.5 per cent of the country’s figure.
What are the expected outcomes of COP15? The biggest outcome is the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. This is a new plan to save all life on Earth. The world needs practical and effective action plans and goals to realize the Convention on Biological Diversity’s overall goal of “Living in Harmony with Nature” by 2050.
We need to pay special attention to biodiversity conservation if we want to achieve the global goals. Up to now many countries in the world are not doing a good job judging from the result of achieving the Aichi Targets. China can, and has already set an example in this area. At this key time node in 2021, China will continue to deepen the construction of ecological civilization, adhere to the ecological priority, green development, abide by the existing biodiversity protection related policies and regulations, improve the ecological redline construction, strictly control the development and utilization of important ecological space and ecological resources, fix ecosystem protection and restoration into the national long-term development plan and update China’s biodiversity protection strategy and action plan, to provide strong support for the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
The themeof “Ecological Civilization: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth” is in line with the trend of global sustainable development, expresses the desire for people from all over the world to jointly build a shared community with all life on the earth together, and reflects the global significance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Ecological Civilization. It plays a crucial role in strengthening the international community’s political will to protect biodiversity, achieving sustainable utilization and sharing biodiversity interests, which in all will help realize the vision of “living in harmony with nature.”
Despite all countries’ efforts, we feel that the current approaches such as Nature-based Solutions (NbS), as well as the existing mobilization of funding and resources, are insufficient to stem the fast loss of biodiversity. Hence, China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation came up with a revolutionary idea called Biodiversity Conservation in Our Neighborhood (BCON).
What is “BCON”? We have set forth comprehensive ideas about its purpose, key application areas and the role it can play. Traditional biodiversity conservation is conducted primarily in remote mountains, natural wilderness, and nature reserves. While such conservation is critical, reality suggests that these efforts are far from enough to reverse the global trend of rapid biodiversity loss. Due to the expansion of human habitation, it is important to study how to effectively protect the biodiversity in densely populated areas. BCON aims to promote effective conservation of biodiversity in areas where human activities are intensive, to balance conservation and development, to synergize sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. Within our range of life, if we cannot fully protect nature, at least we can reduce the interference with nature and wildlife.
The way to protect biodiversity also needs innovation. For example, ethnic communities have a long history, unique cultural and ecological environment. Protecting biodiversity in ethnic minority areas needs to consider the protection of traditional ethnic culture as well. This is essential to support sustainable development, maintain biologically important landscape and ecosystems, and protect genetic diversity for future generations. Obviously, we cannot separate these minority communities in traditional ways just for the purpose of protection. Based on this idea, China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation has innovated new forms of protection, namely the “CCAfa”（Community Conservation Area) system, which aims to establish an effective mechanism for public to participate in biodiversity protection and protect the unique systems of different ecosystems, species, genes and natural landscapes. Conservation areas are divided into natural conservation areas and cultural conservation areas. Nature sites are for the endangered animals and plants that need to be protected due to human activities and environmental changes. Cultural sites are for the protection of landscapes, buildings and villages with outstanding cultural and historical value. The system also encourages and supports the active participation of volunteers, NGOs, and local communities. This way, all types of protection objects, including culture of ethnic minority groups, can be quickly and effectively protected.
There is no doubt that neither BCON, or CCAfa, or any other protection can work effectively without the participation of the people. The earth is facing the sixth biological mass extinction. Biodiversity is lost at an unprecedented rate. Climate change caused by human activity has brought in a variety of disasters, including drought and flooding. The transformation process from primitive civilization, agricultural civilization to industrial civilization has promoted the progress and prosperity of human society, while at the same time it also brings all the serious problems mentioned above. We urgently need to step into the stage of ecological civilization, where man and nature can live in harmony. We all know that any individual’s ability is limited, and only through the efforts of the whole society can we act more effectively and achieve our goals.
周晋峰.通往昆明之路：保护人民的生物多样性.《生物多样性保护与绿色发展》:1-1[2021-12-01].
http://biogreen.cbcgdf.org/nd.jsp?id=22&fromColId=115
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