教育专刊 | 文盲:“另一种形式的奴役”
©️ 图为联合国教科文《信使》杂志 2021 年教育专刊
点击文末“阅读原文”可免费阅读本期电子版。
文盲:“另一种形式的奴役”
Illiteracy: “Another form of slavery”
卡特琳娜·马尔可洛娃
Katerina Markelova
1949年的一次教育会议上,曾在1948—1952年任联合国教科文组织总干事的海梅·托雷斯·博德(Jaime Torres Bodet)先生说道:“19世纪,奴隶制被依法废除,而20世纪的目标则应当是争取废除另一种形式的奴役,那就是文盲”。
自成立之初,联合国教科文组织的一项核心任务便是解决这另一种“奴役的形式”。第二次世界大战结束后的几年里,全球逾44%的成年人因不识字而受到影响,而各国家和区域之间又呈现出了显著差异。例如,马拉维的文盲率曾超过90%。
欧洲也未能幸免。在意大利南部的卡拉布里亚大区,大约半数的人口不具备读写能力。正是在该地区,联合国教科文组织携手意大利政府和非政府组织,共同参与了首批扫盲运动的其中一项。此后,诸多其他的扫盲行动相继开展,例如,伊朗和尼加拉瓜分别在1965年和1980年开展了扫盲行动。此类行动近年来也未曾停止,2008年,联合国教科文组织发起了一项扫盲运动,120万阿富汗人从中受益,其中包括80万妇女。
近70年来,扫盲工作卓有成效。联合国教科文组织统计研究所的数据表明,2016年,全球成人识字率增长至86%,15至24岁青少年的识字率增长至91%。1990年,南亚女童仅能接受6年的学校教育,而如今,这一数字有望增长到12年。
然而,尽管取得了上述进展,全球的教育版图依然存在显著的不平等现象。全世界有7.73亿成人文盲,其中大多数为妇女。为降低无法完成学业的人口比例,确保优质教育的包容性和公平性,促进终身学习,《2030年可持续发展议程》中纳入了关于教育的目标4,由联合国教科文组织担任牵头机构。
点击年份,回顾教科文组织“扫盲运动”的精彩瞬间
相关链接
《教育改变人生》
联合国教科文组织,2018年
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000264088?posInSet=1&queryId=29fa6a52-fb79-4670-a918-772933543cb9
《学习是儿童的游戏》
联合国教科文组织《信使》2006年10月
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000193862
《意大利南部的扫盲运动》
联合国教科文组织《信使》1952年3月
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000070990
Illiteracy: “Another form of slavery”
Katerina Markelova
UNESCO
“The nineteenth century can boast of having legally abolished slavery by law, and the twentieth century should devote its efforts to the abolition of another form of slavery – illiteracy,” declared Jaime Torres Bodet, Director-General of UNESCO (1948 to 1952), at an education conference in 1949.
The fight against this other “form of slavery” has been at the very heart of UNESCO’s mandate since the beginning. In the years following the Second World War, illiteracy affected more than forty-four per cent of adults worldwide, with significant disparities between regions and countries. In Malawi, for example, it exceeded ninety per cent.
Europe was not spared. In Calabria, southern Italy, almost half the population could neither read nor write. It was in this region that UNESCO, together with the Italian government and non-governmental organizations, took part in one of the first campaigns to combat illiteracy. This was followed by other initiatives, like those in Iran in 1965, and Nicaragua in 1980. More recently, in 2008, the Organization launched a literacy campaign that benefited 1.2 million Afghans, including 800,000 women.
In almost seven decades, considerable progress has been made. The global adult literacy rate rose to eighty-six per cent in 2016, and to ninety-one per cent for 15- to 24-year-olds, according to UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics. In South Asia, girls can now expect to complete twelve years of schooling, compared to just six in 1990.
But in spite of these advances, the global education map continues to be marked by glaring inequalities. A majority of the world’s 773 million illiterate adults are women. It is to reduce this proportion of the population excluded from schooling – but also to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning – that Goal 4 on education was adopted as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with UNESCO as the lead agency.
©️该文章及图片版权归联合国教科文《信使》杂志所有
部分图片来自 Shutterstock
欢迎分享到朋友圈
转载及合作请联系我们
wechat.unescocourier@gmail.com
新刊 Latest | 20+ 的确是最好的年纪吗?