中国高速列车窗户玻璃对GNSS信号的影响| 刘志赵
Impact of China’s high speed train window glass on GNSS signals and positioning performance
Zhizhao Liu* , Yangzhao Gong, Letao Zhou
Satellite Navigation(2020)1: 14
引用文章:
Zhizhao Liu, Yangzhao Gong, and Letao Zhou (2020), Impact of China's high speed train window glass on GNSS signals and positioning performance, Satellite Navigation, 1(1),14, doi: 10.1186/s43020-020-00013-z.
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https://satellite-navigation.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43020-020-00013-z
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Editorial Summary
High speed train (HST) is an excellent platform to collect global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) observations with high spatial resolutions, which are valuable input data for GNSS meteorology, ionosphere and space weather research at a national scale. The results from our China’s HST test in 2017 suggested that HST window glass is suspicious of severely degrading signal reception of GNSS receivers placed inside HST chamber. In order to comprehensively study the impact of HST window glass, a field experiment was conducted with a piece of window glass genuinely used by China’s HST and two GNSS receivers of the same model. The two receivers were closely separated from each other. One GNSS receiver was placed in an open-sky environment while the other one (and its antenna) was covered by the HST window glass. Our comprehensive analysis and evaluation of GNSS signals revealed that HST window glass can result in a loss of 39% to 59% GNSS signals and degradation of up to 20 dB-Hz in carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0). The number of GNSS satellites was reduced by 65%. Many more carrier phase cycle slips were observed. Static and kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) was performed and results showed remarked degradation owing to the HST window glass. This study would provide valuable experience for researchers who are interested in taking advantage of the HST as an unprecedented platform for GNSS-based Earth observation.High speed train (HST) is an excellent platform to collect global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) observations with high spatial resolutions, which are valuable input data for GNSS meteorology, ionosphere and space weather research at a national scale. The results from our China’s HST test in 2017 suggested that HST window glass is suspicious of severely degrading signal reception of GNSS receivers placing inside HST chamber. In order to comprehensively study the impact of HST window glass, a field experiment was conducted with a piece of window glass genuinely used by China’s HST and two GNSS receivers of the same model. The two receivers were closely separated from each other. One GNSS receiver was placed in an open-sky environment while the other one (and its antenna) was covered by the HST window glass. Our comprehensive analysis and evaluation of GNSS signals revealed that HST window glass can result in a loss of 39% to 59% GNSS signals and degradation of 20 dB-Hz in carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0). The number of GNSS satellites was reduced by 65%. Many more carrier phase cycle slips were observed. Static and kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) was performed and results showed remarked degradation owing to the HST window glass. This study would provide valuable experience for researchers who are interested in taking advantage of the HST as an unprecedented platform for GNSS-based Earth observation.
本文亮点
在GNSS和高速铁路领域第一次详细研究分析了中国高速铁路列车窗户玻璃对GNSS接收机接收GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,BDS卫星不同波段信号的影响。
在野外静态环境下,用真实的中国高速铁路列车窗户玻璃遮挡GNSS接收机天线采集数据,分析了其对GNSS卫星信号跟踪完整性、电离层TECR、信号强度、可跟踪卫星数量、GDOP值、和精密单点定位结果的影响。
提出了以高速铁路列车作为基于GNSS的对地观测平台,为GNSS气象学、电离层及空间天气研究,和其它研究提供大规模的高时空分辨率数据这一设想。
内容简介
在高速行驶的铁路列车上安装GNSS接收机,利用这一高速移动平台,可在短时间内收集到覆盖全国范围内的高时空分辨率GNSS数据,可以为全国范围内的GNSS气象、GNSS电离层及空间天气研究,和其它研究提供大量的观测数据。然而,我们2017在高铁上做的GNSS实验中发现,放置在高铁车厢内窗子边上的接收机无法定位,我们怀疑高铁车窗玻璃对GNSS接收机接收信号有很大的影响。为详细研究高速铁路列车窗户玻璃对GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,BDS 卫星信号的影响,我们使用一块中国高铁窗户玻璃及两台型号相同的GNSS接收机进行了一次野外实验,并使用不同的数据质量指标评估了中国高铁窗户玻璃对GNSS信号的影响程度。
对采集得到的GNSS数据进行多方面对比评估,结果表明,中国高铁窗户玻璃大大减弱了GNSS信号强度,甚至导致接收机对GNSS信号的失锁。受高铁窗户玻璃的影响,在本次实验中GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,BDS的信号丢失率分别达到了39%, 56%, 49% 和59%,剩下的可跟踪的GNSS信号的C/N0也遭受了最大达20 dB-Hz的信号减弱。受影响的GNSS接收机跟踪的卫星数量减少了65%。跟踪到的载波信号出现的周跳数量也成倍增加。GNSS信号的丢失以及信号质量的下降严重影响了GNSS接收机的定位精度。GPS/GLONASS双系统定位结果表明,有玻璃遮挡的接收机单频、双频静态3D定位精度分别为1.728 m 和1.184 m,单频、双频动态3D定位精度分别为2.934 m 和 4.866 m。相比于无玻璃遮挡的接收机,有玻璃遮挡的接收机单频、双频静态3D定位精度分别下降了1.516 m 和 1.159 m,单频、双频动态3D定位精度分别下降了2.670 m 和 4.821 m。
I.信号完整性统计分析结果.
在第一实验时段,相比于接收机1(无高速列车窗户玻璃遮挡),接收机2(有高速列车窗户玻璃遮挡)所追踪到的卫星信号数量明显较少。尤其对于GPS C2W观测值,大部分信号被丢失。一个可能的原因是GPS C2W遭受anti-spoofing的影响,虽然该信号使用了Z-tracking技术或其他类似技术进行了伪距和载波观测值的修复。图 1 第一实验时段的GPS C2W,GLONASS C1C,Galileo C1X,BDS C2I信号完整性统计(左栏,接收机1:无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡;右栏,接收机2:有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)。
II.TECR对比分析结果.
用两台接收机的载波观测值计算得到的电离层变化率TECR,其对比结果如下。在第一实验时段,相比于接收机1(无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡),接收机2(有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)的TECR明显噪声增大。这表明接收机2接收到的载波观测值的观测噪声增大。而在实验时段2,遮挡接收机2的高铁窗户玻璃被移除,两接收机得到的TECR基本一致。(a)
(b)
图 2 两台接收机的GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,BDS载波相位观测值计算得到的TECR的比较。(a)第一实验时段GPS time 3:00:00-9:00:00的结果。接收机1(左栏,无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)和接收机2(右栏,有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)的TECR结果比较,接收机2的TECR噪声明显增大。(b)第二实验时段GPS time 11:00:00-14:00:00的结果。接收机1(左栏)和接收机2(右栏)都没有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡,两者的TECR结果基本无差异。
III.C/N0对比分析结果.
对GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,BDS卫星不同波段信号在不同高度角的平均C/N0的统计结果显示,在第一实验时段,相比于接收机1(无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)信号,接收机2(有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)接收到的各频段信号的C/N0 均有下降,下降幅度最大达20dB-Hz 左右。在第二实验时段,遮挡接收机2的玻璃被移除,两台接收机接收到的信号在不同高度角的C/N0基本相同。
图 3 两台接收机(蓝色线和蓝色标记:接收机1,无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡;红色线和红色标记:接收机2,有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)在第一实验时段接收的GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,BDS卫星系统信号在不同高度角的平均C/N0值。
IV.所跟踪卫星数量对比分析结果.
部分信号受到高速列车窗户玻璃的阻挡而不能被接收机接收,导致接收机所跟踪的卫星数量大大减少。在第一实验时段,接收机1(无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)平均能追踪到37颗GNSS卫星,接收机2(有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)只能追踪到13颗左右的GNSS卫星。在第二实验时段,遮挡接收机2的高铁窗户玻璃被移除,两台接收机跟踪的GNSS卫星数基本一致。
V.GDOP值对比分析结果.GPS/GLONASS单频、双频定位模式下两台接收机在第一实验时段的GDOP结果表明,接收机2(有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)的GDOP值要远大于接收机1(无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)的GDOP值。尤其在双频精密单点定位模式下,接收机2的很大部分的GDOP值都超过了4,而接收机1的GDOP值基本低于2。此外,双频精密单点定位的GDOP值超过了单频精密单点定位的GDOP值,这可能归因于双频定位模式下只有较少的可用卫星。
VI.GPS/GLONASS PPP对比分析结果.实验使用CSRS-PPP在线PPP定位软件对第一实验时段的两台接收机接收到的数据进行了静态和动态精密单点定位精度评估。其统计结果表明,接收机1(无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)的单频、双频静态定位的3D定位精度分别为0.212 m和0.025 m,其单频、双频动态3D定位精度分别为0.264 m 和0.045 m。由于受到高铁窗户玻璃的影响,接收机2(有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)的单频、双频动态及静态的定位精度有很大的降低。接收机2的单频、双频静态3D定位误差分别为1.728 m和1.184 m,其单频、双频动态3D定位误差分别是2.934 m和4.866 m。
图 6 接收机1(无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)和接收机2(有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)在第一实验时段的GPS/GLONASS 单频、双频静态精密单点定位结果。
图 7 接收机1(无高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)和接收机2(有高铁窗户玻璃遮挡)在第一实验时段的GPS/GLONASS 单频、双频动态精密单点定位结果。
作者简介
刘志赵 副教授
本文通讯作者香港理工大学
▍通讯作者简介本文通讯作者是香港理工大学土地测量及地理资讯学系副教授。他的研究小组(Micro-Laboratory of Atmospheric Research and Geomatics Engineering, Micro-LARGE)主要从事于GNSS卫星导航定位算法研究,GNSS电离层及对流层建模,低纬度地区电离层闪烁监测,GNSS气象学研究。他在国际期刊和会议上发表了140多篇文章,其中包括55篇SCI文章(平均影响因子3.043)。他是GPS Solutions、Satellite Navigation 等期刊编委,也是30多个SCI期刊的审稿人。
撰稿:本文作者
编辑:《卫星导航(英文)》编辑部
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