论文快递: 第一百九十一期
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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百九十一期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First的四篇论文和Current Issue的一篇论文。主题包括城市能源景观，空调对武汉历史的影响，多物种城市化与流行病，法国的新自由自治主义，美国步行街区的种族不平等，欢迎阅读。
01
Urban energy landscape in practice: Architecture, infrastructure and the material culture of cooling in post-reform Chongqing, China
实践中的城市能源景观：改革后中国重庆的建筑、基础设施和物质文化
AbstractUntil the 1990s and the spread of air-conditioning, cooling down during the hot, humid and windless summers in the city of Chongqing (Southwest China) was mainly practised outdoors: sleeping on the rooftops of multistorey buildings, playing mah-jongg in the streets, fanning oneself with a hand fan or installing bamboo beds in the compounds’ leafy courtyards. With the availability of affordable electricity and the popularisation of mechanical cooling, refreshing oneself has been relocated to the indoors. The transforming practices in and around the house have led not only to an increasing dependency on electricity for cooling but also to a socio-economic stratification. This paper traces the history of heat mitigation in Chongqing since the 1950s. Based on five months of anthropological fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, and oral history, I analyse how Chongqing residents cope with heat in and around the built environment. Practices of cooling are closely intertwined with the architectural history of the city, for example, building design, construction materials, green spaces, or the arrangement of houses. Staying cool in the socialist era buildings from the 1960s meant something different compared to the high-rise buildings in the early-21st century. Theoretically, the paper engages with urban energy landscapes as ‘connective tissue’ where everyday heat mitigating practices are intertwined with the locally built environment including architecture, energy infrastructure and technologies. By focusing on the material culture involved in cooling, I shift our perspective from the large infrastructure to the small objects that co-constitute the energy landscape of urban heat mitigation.
在中国西南部的重庆市，直到二十世纪九十年代，空调普及之前，在炎热、潮湿、无风的夏季，人们主要是在户外降温：睡在多层建筑的屋顶上，在街上打麻将，用手扇给自己扇风或把竹床搬到绿树成荫的庭院里。随着电力供应价格的下降、供给的稳定，以及机械制冷的普及，乘凉已经转移到室内。房屋内部和周围的改造实践不仅使人们越来越依赖电力来降温，而且还导致了社会经济分层。本文追溯了二十世纪五十年代以来重庆降温消暑的历史。基于五个月的人类学实地调查、半结构式访谈和口述历史，我们分析了重庆居民如何在建筑环境内部及其周围应对高温。降温实践与城市的建筑历史密切相关，例如建筑设计、建筑材料、绿地或房屋布局。与二十一世纪初的高层建筑相比，二十世纪六十年代的建筑在降温方面有着不同的意义。本论文从理论上将城市能源图景视为“结缔组织”，其中日常散热实践与当地建筑环境交织在一起，包括建筑、能源基础设施和技术。通过关注与降温相关的物质文化，本文将视角从大型基础设施转移到共同构成城市降温能源图景的小对象上。
built environment, electricity, path dependency, thermal practice, urban climate
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231153309
02
The birth of cool: Heat and air-conditioning in the history of Wuhan, 1950–2020
凉爽的诞生：武汉历史上的供热与空调（1950-2020）
首次出版时间：2023/2/21｜研究论文
Abstract
This article examines the impact of air-conditioning on the history of Wuhan, a Chinese city famed for the oppressive heat of its summers. It draws upon oral history testimony, ethnographic research, and written sources, to argue that air-conditioning has played an important yet underappreciated role in changing local culture, social interactions, and the urban environment. It begins by describing how citizens of Wuhan coped with heat in the Maoist era (1949–1976), examining official heatstroke prevention techniques alongside the everyday practices of local citizens, including the use of bamboo beds and air-raid shelters. It then examines the dialectical relationship between socio-economic and technological change that occurred following the introduction of air-conditioning. This new technology, which required people to close their doors on their neighbours, arrived at the same time that older forms of communal living were becoming untenable. Finally, this article examines the role that air-conditioning has played in creating and alleviating the urban heat island problem, a process of localised climate change that makes cities hotter than their hinterlands. It concludes by exploring how locals feel about urban heating, a problem that seems intractable in Wuhan, as it is throughout much of urban Asia.
Keywords
air-conditioning, environment, technology, urban heat island, Wuhan
空调, 环境, 技术, 城市热岛, 武汉
03
Zoonotic urbanisation: multispecies urbanism and the rescaling of urban epidemiology
人畜共患病城市化：多物种城市化和城市流行病学的重新调整
AbstractA focus on zoonotic urbanisation challenges existing conceptions of global urbanism. In this article I consider how a modified urban political ecology framework might help to illuminate emerging landscapes of epidemiological risk. I show how a multi-scalar perspective on urban epidemiology, including the impact of colonialism, global capitalism, and changing relations with non-human others, unsettles existing analytical approaches. I contrast resilience-oriented public health paradigms, focused on the malleability of nature, with a historically grounded set of insights into global environmental change. I suggest that the conceptual field of zoonotic urbanisation provides an analytical entry point for understanding an emergent ‘triple crisis’ spanning climate change, biodiversity loss, and global health threats.
摘要
对人畜共患病城市化的关注，让人们对全球城市化的现有概念提出了质疑。在本文中，我们考查了变革后的城市政治生态学框架如何有助于阐明流行病学风险的新情况。我们展示了城市流行病学的多标量视角如何颠覆现有的分析方法，这个多标量视角包括殖民主义的影响、全球资本主义的影响，以及其它非人类因素与其不断变化的关系对其造成的影响。本研究对比了以抗御力为导向的各种公共卫生范式，重点关注自然的可塑性，并基于历史提出了一系列关于全球环境变化的见解。本文认为人畜共患病城市化的概念场提供了一个分析切入点，使人们得以理解新出现的“三重危机”：气候变化、生物多样性丧失以及全球健康威胁。
Keywords accelerator landscapes, ecological decay, multispecies urbanism, urban epidemiology, urban political ecology, zoonotic urbanisation
关键词
加速图景, 生态衰退, 多物种城市化, 城市流行病学, 城市政治生态学，人畜共患病城市化
04
When Bookchin faces Bourdieu. French ‘weak’ municipalism, legitimation crisis and zombie political parties
当布克钦面对布尔迪厄时：法国“弱”市政、合法化危机和僵尸政党
Vincent Béal（法国史特拉斯堡大学）
Nicolas Maisetti（法国古斯塔夫埃菲尔大学）
Max Rousseau（法国 CIRAD and ART-Dev）
Gilles Pinson（法国巴黎政治学院）
首次出版时间：2022/2/24｜研究论文
Abstract
The French municipal elections of 2020 were marked by the emergence of ‘citizen lists’ in several cities. These lists are discussed here as ‘weak’ form of new municipalism: they integrate some ideas and logics of new municipalism without having the same level of radicality as the most emblematic international examples of the movement. By analysing these initiatives from a political sociology perspective inspired by Bourdieu’s work on the political field, we develop three main arguments. First, new municipalism in France emerged in response to a deepening political crisis. At the local scale, this crisis is fuelling a misalignment between urban societies and political parties that support entrepreneurial agendas. This has laid out the conditions for the emergence of a new municipalism, formed of complex and contradictory new social alliances. Second, this movement has been dominated by a ‘participationist ideology’. Citizens’ lists have placed strong emphasis on the search for innovative participatory tools, but have invested much less energy in the construction of an alternative urban political platform. Third, we underline the unfinished nature of the new municipalism revolution, where the movement’s impetus has been weakened by the resilience of ‘zombie’ political parties. In the end, the article highlights the need to take into greater consideration existing political and institutional contexts in the study of new municipalism.
摘要
在2020 年法国市政选举中，有几个城市出现了“人民名单”（Citizens’ List）政党。这些政党在本文中被认为是弱化了的新地方自治主义形式：它们整合了新市政主义的一些思想和逻辑，但它们的激进程度没达到最具代表性的新地方自治主义国际案例相同的水平。受布尔迪厄（Bourdieu）政治作品的启发，我们从政治社会学的角度分析了这些举措，提出了三个主要论点。首先，法国新地方自治主义的出现是为了应对日益加深的政治危机。在地方层面，这场危机加剧了城市社会与支持创业主义议程的政党之间的矛盾。这为新地方自治主义的出现提供了条件，这种地方自治主义由复杂而矛盾的新社会联盟组成。第二，这场运动一直由“参与主义意识形态”主导。“人民名单”非常重视寻找新的参与工具，但在构建其它的城市政治平台方面投入的精力很少。第三，我们强调了新地方自治主义革命实质上尚未完成，“僵尸”政党的抗御力削弱了运动的动力。最后，本文强调在研究新地方自治主义时需要更多地考虑现有的政治和制度背景。KeywordsFrance, new municipalism, participatory democracy, political parties, urban entrepreneurialism
关键词
法国, 新地方自治主义, 参与式民主, 政党, 城市创业主义
05
The changing ethno-racial profile of ‘very walkable’ urban neighbourhoods in the US (2010–2020): Are minorities under-represented?
美国“非常适合步行”的城市社区不断变化的种族概况（2010-2020）：少数族裔是否代表不足？
AbstractNeighbourhood walkability has increasingly been viewed as an amenity that may confer substantial health, social and economic benefits. As walkable neighbourhoods become increasingly desirable, there is concern that disadvantaged groups – particularly lower-income and minority households – may be displaced or excluded from these spaces. This investigation assesses whether minorities, and Black residents in particular, are increasingly under-represented in urban neighbourhoods with high walkability by examining demographic changes between 2010 and 2020 across approximately 43,000 urban census tracts. The results suggest a negative association between Black and ‘other’ non-White residents and neighbourhood walkability when controlling for confounding factors. Blacks were also the only major ethno-racial group to decline in absolute number within the nation’s most walkable (i.e. Walk Score 90) urban neighbourhoods between 2010 and 2020. Implications for social equity and justice are discussed.
摘要
街区可步行性越来越多地被视为一种可以带来可观的健康、社会和经济效益的便利设施。随着适宜步行的街区变得越来越受欢迎，人们担心弱势群体（尤其是低收入和少数族裔家庭）可能会被从这些空间驱逐或被排除在外。通过考察 2010 年至 2020 年间大约 43,000 个城市人口普查区的人口变化，本项调查评估少数族裔（尤其是黑人居民）在可步行性高的城市街区中是否越来越少。结果表明，在剔除混杂因素后，黑人和“其他”非白人居民的数量与街区可步行性之间存在负相关关系。黑人也是 2010 年至 2020 年间在全国最适合步行的（即可步行评分≥90 ）城市街区中绝对数量下降的唯一主要种族群体。我们还讨论了这一结果在社会公平和正义方面的意义。
关键词
民族-种族, 街区变化, 街区可步行性, 可步行性, 可步行评分
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