Redox Biol 综述︱吕欣等评述衣康酸在炎症和氧化应激性疾病中的治疗作用和相关机制
撰文︱倪舒蓉,魏 娟,李全富责编︱王思珍,方以一编辑︱杨彬薇
1836年,科学家Samuel Baup首次发现在蒸馏柠檬酸时生成一种未知的副产物[3],之后由Crasso GL将其命名为衣康酸[4]。之后很长一段时间内,科学家们认为衣康酸不同于琥珀酸和苹果酸,在哺乳动物的细胞代谢中并不发挥作用。因此,当时人们主要将衣康酸应用于工业聚合物的合成[5]。2011年,Strelko CL等科学家证实衣康酸可以在LPS和IFN-γ激活的巨噬细胞中大量产生[6];随后,研究人员在小鼠中敲除了IRG1,发现IRG1-/-小鼠的原代骨髓来源巨噬细胞(BMDM)在激活期间,促炎细胞因子生成增加,而IRG1编码的顺式乌头酸脱羧酶1(ACOD1)可以催化TCA循环的中间产物顺式乌头酸发生脱羧反应,生成中间代谢产物衣康酸,从此,衣康酸的抗炎作用逐渐被大家熟知[7,8]。图1展示了衣康酸发现过程的里程碑事件(图1)。
图4 衣康酸调节炎症反应和氧化应激的经典信号通路
(图源:Shi X, et al., Redox Biol, 2022)
研究发现,转录因子3(ATF3)敲除后,小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中IκBζ和促炎细胞因子的表达水平均升高[11]。衣康酸及其衍生物可以通过上调ATF3,抑制真核起始因子2α(eIF2α)活性,调控I型干扰素(I IFN)表达,进而抑制IκBζ表达,并抑制促炎因子IL-6的生成[12]。衣康酸促进巨噬细胞中I型IFN表达的具体机制尚不清楚,需要进一步的研究。
在体内,衣康酸及其衍生物与内源性衣康酸对Keap1的调控作用并不完全一致[13]。总的来说,衣康酸及其衍生物通过修饰Keap1半胱氨酸残基,抑制Keap1活性,抑制Keap1-Nrf2通路激活,发挥抗炎和抗氧化作用。
自身免疫性疾病是一组炎症疾病,通常影响关节、肌肉、骨骼、肌腱和韧带,有时也影响身体的其他器官,主要疾病类型包括系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、多发性硬化症(MS)、银屑病和类风湿关节炎(RA)等。在SLE患者的血液样本中,衣康酸的表达明显降低[22],而使用衣康酸衍生物4-OI后,患者临床症状和生活质量均有所改善[23]。通过分析不同阶段类风湿性关节炎患者血清、尿和滑膜成纤维细胞,发现衣康酸与疾病进展密切相关,可作为RA的疾病标志物[24],提示在RA的临床诊断中,衣康酸的检测有潜在的应用价值。
先天性免疫耐受在脓毒症的早期发挥重要作用,且伴随着IRG1表达和衣康酸含量的明显升高[29]。Takashi等人的研究表明,在LPS刺激的小鼠中,TCA循环改变,产生大量的衣康酸[30],提示衣康酸是抵抗LPS刺激的重要机制之一。在脓毒症后期,免疫系统发展到免疫麻痹阶段,表现为对继发性感染反应的不足,导致严重病理损伤。Domínguez-Andrés等人的研究发现,通过β-葡聚糖干预,可以抑制LPS诱导的IRG1的表达,从而阻断衣康酸对于免疫麻痹导致的潜在有害影响[31],证明了衣康酸代谢是免疫耐受和记忆性固有免疫应答之间的关键节点。
通讯作者:吕欣教授
(照片提供自:吕欣教授实验室)
第一作者:施烜(4排左一),周焕平(4排左9);通讯作者:吕欣(1排右三)
(照片提供自:吕欣教授实验室)
吕欣教授,带领的同济大学附属上海市肺科医院麻醉科团队现有博导3名、硕导4名、讲师12人。上海市肺科医院是全国最大的肺部疾病专科医院,位列复旦排行榜(2022)全国百强医院第42位,胸科手术量世界领先,胸科手术后的急性肺损伤是重要的临床问题。
吕欣教授团队长期致力于急性肺损伤及围术期肺保护相关研究、近5年团队先后主持国家自然科学基金10项,上海市科委、卫健委、临床研究重大项目等30余项,培养硕士、博士、博士后30余名,在麻醉学顶刊Anesthesiology及J Neuroinflammation、Redox Biology、Antioxidants及中华系列等核心期刊发表SCI论文及Top100等重要论文100余篇,主编/主译及参编当代麻醉学、麻醉学高级教程、胸科手术围术期管理指南10余部,获发明专利、实用新型专利等50余项。近5年团队骨干入选上海市学术带头人、卫健委学科带头人、卫健委优秀青年人才、上海浦江人才及扬帆计划、中国科协青年托举人才、同济大学院校骨干人才、优秀青年人才等10余人次。团队主要骨干担任国家级学会、上海市等各类学会及相关期刊学术任职60余项,每年主办及参与主办国际、国内各类重要会议、大会专题讲座等60余次,已在麻醉学领域、特别是心胸麻醉学领域具备广泛的学术影响力和较高的学术地位。
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参考文献(上下滑动阅读)
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