RILM教你写音乐论文摘要
随着国际学术交流的增加,中国的音乐研究者正在越来越多地参与国际学术活动,比如在国际会议上发言、向国际刊物投稿等等。这些活动的第一个环节就是撰写论文摘要。
一篇好的摘要,可以清晰地体现文章的价值,并引起读者的兴趣。反之,如果摘要没有提供必要的信息,那么投给会议就有可能就不被接受。即使一篇文章在期刊上发表了,如果摘要没写好,也会影响阅读率。从某种意义上来说,摘要甚至比文章本身更重要,因为阅读摘要的人要多于阅读文章的人。
那么,一篇好的摘要应该具备哪些要素呢?作为一家以全球音乐学术成果为内容的数据库,国际音乐文献资料大全RILM最核心的内容就是论文摘要。经过五十多年的积累,RILM形成了一套行之有效的摘要书写规范。这套规范也被一些期刊所采用。比如,音乐学界最核心的国际期刊之一《美国音乐学学会期刊》(Journal of The American Musicological Society)就要求投稿者遵循RILM的摘要规范。
下面我们就来讲一讲如何撰写论文摘要。虽然这里举的例子是英文的,但是大部分要点对于中文摘要来说也同样适用。
1. 字数
对于摘要的字数,各个期刊、会议都有自己的规定。比如,民族音乐学学会(SEM)的会议要求发言摘要不超过250个英文单词,而SEM的期刊《民族音乐学》(Ethnomusicology)要求文章摘要不超过100个单词。国际传统音乐学会(ICTM)的会议要求摘要不超过300个单词。RILM的规范是论文摘要一般不超过200个单词。
2. 内容
摘要应当包含正文内容中的所有关键信息,不要收入不重要的和容易误导读者的信息。不要指出众所周知的事实(例如,巴赫是德国作曲家),但对于比较生僻的用语应该解释一下,尤其是面向其他文化语境的读者的时候更要如此,比如,中国古代音乐史的文章中涉及到的古汉语就需要解释。这一点我们以后讲到翻译的时候还会涉及。
不要过多介绍课题的背景,而应该重点阐述文章的实际内容。如果文章介绍新的研究成果,摘要应重点指出新的研究成果是什么,而不要列举已知的研究成果。如果文章有主要结论的话,应该在摘要中清晰地呈现出来。
纸质时代的RILM音乐文献摘要集(1995)
3. 写作风格
避免口语化和非正式用语,句子要完整。摘要一般应该只有一个段落,包括主题句、展开部分和结论。摘要的写法有两种。第一种是描述式的(descriptive),即从第三者的口吻用诸如“该文指出……”、“作者认为……”的方式描述文章的论点。第二种是陈述式的(declarative),也就是直接从作者的口吻陈述观点。
对比一下同一篇文章的以下两种摘要写法:
(1) Discusses the recordings of Balinese music made by Odeon and Beka in 1928, which document traditions that are now lost. The changes taking place in Balinese gamelan music at that time are examined, and the influence of the recordings on Colin McPhee is described.
(文章讨论了Odeon和Beka公司1928年在巴厘岛录制的如今已经消失了的传统音乐,审视了巴厘岛佳美兰音乐所发生的变化,并描述了这些录音对科林•麦克菲的影响。)
(2) In August 1928 representatives from the German record companies Odeon and Beka were sent to Bali. Their efforts resulted in 98 recordings on 78 rpm discs of a wide variety of examples of Balinese music. As it happened, at that time Bali was undergoing an artistic revolution. A new style known as kebyar was rapidly gaining popularity, and older ceremonial instruments and styles were literally disappearing, as their bronze instruments were melted down and reforged to accommodate the new style’s requirements. The Odeon/Beka recordings preserve several musical traditions that are now lost. These were the recordings that inspired the young Canadian composer Colin McPhee, who first heard them in 1929. McPhee went to Bali in 1931 and remained there for nearly a decade. His activities there included painstaking transcriptions of Balinese pieces.
(1928年8月,德国唱片公司Odeon和Beka的代表被派往巴厘岛。经过努力,他们录制了98张含有巴厘岛各种音乐样本的78转唱片。当时,巴厘岛正在经历一场艺术革命。一种叫做kebyar的新风格正在迅速流行起来,而旧的仪式乐器和风格正在消失,他们的青铜乐器被回炉重造以适应新风格的要求。Odeon/Beka公司的唱片记录了几种现已失传的音乐传统。这些录音激励了年轻的加拿大作曲家科林•麦克菲。他在1929年第一次听到这些录音,并于1931年前往巴厘岛,然后在那里待了将近十年。他在那里克服种种困难为巴厘岛音乐记了谱。)
1928年巴厘岛的录音后来由Arbiter唱片公司出版了CD
第一种是描述式写法,第二种是陈述式写法(作者的声音)。理论上来说,两种写法都可以传达同样的信息,但在实际中,陈述式写法会使得摘要更加具体,从而提供更多信息。例如,描述式版本说 "审视了巴厘岛佳美兰音乐所发生的变化",而陈述式版本则说明了这些变化,并增加了青铜乐器回炉重造的形象场景。同时,陈述式版本对于录音对麦克菲的影响也作了介绍,而不是像描述式写法中只是简单提到而已。陈述式版本还说明了麦克菲的身份,因为他并不是一个著名人物。请注意描述式写法常常会使用被动语态,这会削弱写作的活力,而陈述式文体则往往会产生更有力的句子。
下面留一个作业,请阅读一下《美国音乐学学会期刊》这篇文章的摘要。就不提供中文翻译了,大家查一下词典吧~
From American Ethnographer to Cold War Icon: Charles Ives through the Eyes of
Henry and Sidney Cowell
DAVID C. PAUL
Abstract
Scholars have recognized that Henry Cowell was one of the most ardent promoters of Charles Ives, but the fact that Cowell’s conception of Ives shifted
over time has been overlooked. During the late twenties, Cowell portrayed
Ives as a fundamentally social artist with the sensibilities of a musical ethnographer. By the fifties, in the writings Cowell coauthored with his wife Sidney,
Ives came to be depicted as a paragon for the liberating power of individualism. Close scrutiny of Cowell’s published writings, along with letters and manuscripts from the Henry Cowell Collection of the Music Division at the New
York Public Library for the Performing Arts, reveals the factors that influenced
this transition. Béla Bartók’s theories about folk music authenticity were the
impetus behind Cowell’s earliest conception of Ives. Cowell maintained that
Ives had created a definitively American art music by transcribing the performance idiosyncrasies of American folk musicians. The anxieties of the Cold
War and a writing partnership with his wife caused Cowell to stress Ives’s commitment to the individualism espoused by transcendentalist philosophers. The
Cowells no longer equated Ives’s Americanness with his ability to transcribe
local practice, but instead with his solitary pursuit of the “Universal Mind.”
好了,现在你是不是对于如何写论文摘要更加明了了呢?
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