双语 | G20明天开幕！中英文热点前瞻 翻译该知道的都在这里

2017年G20峰会将于7月7日至8日在德国汉堡举行，届时，来自G20成员国的领导人及国际组织高层代表将齐聚汉堡展览中心。

本届G20峰会的主题是什么？各国领导人关心的话题有哪些？关于G20，你还应该了解什么？今天，译·世界（微信号：YEEWORLD）就为你一一解答。

The annual summit of the Group of Twenty (G20), a gathering of the world’s largest economies, has evolved into a major forum for discussing the most pressing global issues. One of the group’s most impressive achievements was its robust response to the 2008 global financial crisis.

一年一度的二十国集团（G20）峰会汇聚了世界各大经济体，已发展成为讨论全球热点问题的重要论坛。G20所取得的最突出成就，就是对2008年全球金融危机所做出的有力应对。

The July 2017 summit in Hamburg, Germany, is the first for U.S. President Donald J. Trump, who has already clashed with many of the group’s members over trade, climate, and refugee policy. While observers will watch the group’s meetings for signs of discord, bilateral meetings taking place on the summit’s sidelines are of particular interest this year, especially because Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin are scheduled to meet for the first time. There is also the potential for complications between Trump and German Chancellor Angela Merkel over protectionism.

2017年7月在德国汉堡举行的G20峰会对于美国总统唐纳德·特朗普来说是首次参加。此前，特朗普与该集团的许多成员之间在贸易、气候和难民政策等问题上便存在着冲突。在此次峰会的正式议程之外，双边会面也是一大看点，特别是特朗普和俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京将进行首次会晤。同时，特朗普与德国总理安吉拉·默克尔之间也可能会在保护主义问题上产生更大分歧。

What is the G20 summit and who will be attending?

什么是G20峰会？将有哪些人出席？

The G20 comprises the nineteen countries that have the world’s largest economies, as well as the European Union. The countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

G20由世界上最大的19个经济体和欧盟组成，主要国家包括阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、中国、法国、德国、印度、印度尼西亚、意大利、日本、墨西哥、俄罗斯、沙特阿拉伯、南非、韩国、土耳其、英国、美国等。

Every year the heads of G20 members meet to discuss a wide range of issues, with a focus on economic and financial matters, and coordinate policy when possible. Lower-level meetings among finance ministers and other policymakers take place in the run-up to the leaders’ summit. The G20 is not a permanent institution with a headquarters, offices, or staff. Instead, its leadership rotates on an annual basis among its members, its decisions are made by consensus, and implementation of its agenda depends on the political will of the individual states.

每年G20成员的首脑们都会聚首，讨论一系列经济和财政等问题，在条件允许的情况下对政策做出相应的调整。领导人峰会前夕，财政部长和其他决策者会举行初级会议。G20不是永久性组织，没有总部、办公处和员工，而是每年在成员国之间进行轮值举办，其决策经由各成员国达成共识而通过，会议议程的执行根据各成员国的政治意愿而定。

In 2017, the rotating G20 presidency belongs to Germany, which will host the two-day leaders’ summit in Hamburg starting July 7. In addition to Trump and Putin, high-profile leaders in attendance are expected to include German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Chinese President Xi Jinping, and newly elected French President Emmanuel Macron.

2017年，G20轮值主席国德国将从7月7日开始，在汉堡召开为期两天的领导人峰会。除了特朗普和普京，即将出席峰会的重要领导人还有德国总理默克尔、中国国家主席习近平以及新当选的法国总统马克龙。

What’s on the agenda?

峰会有哪些议程？

The G20 initially focused largely on economic policy, but it has expanded its ambit in recent years. Ahead of Hamburg, Merkel stressed the theme of a “networked world,” and the German government laid out a broad agenda.

最初G20主要关注经济政策，近几年议题范围有所扩大。汉堡峰会前夕，默克尔强调了“塑造联动世界”的主题，德国政府发布了广泛议程。

Topping the list is financial regulation, and in particular addressing what Germany calls “harmful tax competition” between countries—the widespread use by companies and individuals of low-tax countries as tax shelters, as was dramatized by the 2016 Panama Papers leaks. The G20 is also pursuing policies, including information-sharing initiatives, to combat corruption and money laundering.

首要议程是金融监管，特别是应对德国指出的国家之间的“有害税收竞争”——低税收国家的企业和个人普遍采用这种做法作为避税手段，2016年泄露的巴拿马文件对此作出了详细说明。G20还会寻求制定信息共享举措等方面的政策，以打击腐败和洗钱行为。

Merkel has made ties with Africa a focus of the summit. Her government has presented a “Compact With Africa” initiative that would involve G20 nations bringing private investment, job growth, and new businesses to African states that have committed to economic reforms.

默克尔将与非洲的联系作为此次峰会的一个重点议题，德国政府提出“非洲契约”倡议，希望G20各国为致力于经济改革的非洲国家贡献私人投资、就业增长和新型商业。

Other trade and economic-growth plans are also high on the agenda. Germany wants to reaffirm a global commitment to free trade and discuss how to implement the UN’s “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” a set of far-reaching goals for eliminating poverty around the world.

议程对其他贸易与经济增长计划也给予了高度重视。德国希望重申世界各国恪守自由贸易的承诺，并讨论如何落实联合国“2030年可持续发展议程”中消除全球贫困的远期目标。

Beyond purely economic measures, Germany wants to recommit the G20 nations to meeting their carbon-reduction goals under the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, although the U.S. withdrawal from the accord makes it a notable outlier. Germany also aims to expand research and development on combating infectious diseases, and coordinate responses to the migration and refugee crises in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East.

除了单纯的经济举措，德国再次呼吁G20国家坚守2015年《巴黎气候协定》的碳减排目标，尽管美国退出该协定备受瞩目。德国还计划扩大对抗传染病的研发努力，协同应对非洲、欧洲和中东出现的移民和难民危机。

What are the main points of contention?

主要争论焦点是什么？

Much of the uncertainty surrounding the 2017 summit stems from President Trump’s reorientation of U.S. foreign policy, which has placed the United States at odds with much of the rest of the G20, and especially with its host, Germany.

今年G20峰会的不确定性，主要由于特朗普改变外交政策重心，将美国置于二十国集团其他成员，尤其是峰会主办国德国的对立面。

On trade, the Trump administration has pushed back against the G20 consensusto “resist all kinds of protectionism.” In addition to pulling out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) trade deal that included several G20 members, Trump is considering raising tariffs on steel and other goods, raising alarm in Europe and Canada. Merkel spoke out strongly against protectionism in a speech to her parliament just days before the summit, saying it cannot be an option because it “harms everyone concerned.”

在贸易方面，特朗普政府反对G20“抵制各种保护主义”的共识。特朗普不仅退出了涉及数个G20成员国的跨太平洋伙伴关系协定（TPP），还在考虑提升钢铁等商品的关税，此举使欧洲和加拿大甚为不安。峰会前夕，默克尔在一次议会演讲中强烈反对保护主义，称绝不可采取这种做法，因为“保护主义对各方有害无利”。

On climate, Trump’s decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement isolated the United States from the rest of the G20. Germany has expressed displeasure with the move, with Merkel’s environmental minister publishing a “fact check” that heavily criticizes Trump’s arguments for leaving the accord.

在气候方面，特朗普决定退出《巴黎协定》，这使美国从其它G20成员中孤立出来。德国对此举已表示不满，默克尔的环境部长还曾发表评论，对特朗普进行“事实核查”，大力批判其为退出协定所找的理由。

Refugee policy could be another point of dispute. Merkel has spearheaded a controversial effort to distribute the many asylum seekers who have crossed into Europe. Trump, who has been a strong critic of Europe’s openness to migrants and refugees, called Merkel’s role in it “catastrophic.”

难民政策可能是另一争论焦点。默克尔力排众议，率先为众多涌入欧洲的难民提供庇护，而特朗普向来强烈批判欧洲对移民和难民的开放态度，称默克尔在难民问题中的角色是“灾难性的”。

The United States’ and EU’s relationship with Russia has become increasingly fraught over allegations of Russian interference in their elections, Ukraine-related sanctions, and differences over the conflict in Syria.

由于对俄罗斯干预欧美大选的指控、对乌克兰的制裁、对叙利亚冲突的分歧，美国和欧盟与俄罗斯的关系越发令人担忧。

Tensions have also arisen between Turkey and its German hosts, most recently over Germany’s denial of a request by Turkish President Erdogan to address Turks at a rally in Hamburg. Meanwhile, embattled British Prime Minister Theresa May will face many of the European partners with whom she is negotiating her country’s exit from the EU. This comes shortly after elections that significantly weakened her position.

土耳其和德国的关系也日趋紧张，主要因为最近德国拒绝土耳其总统埃尔多安在汉堡参加集会，并向土耳其人发表讲话。同时，麻烦缠身的英国首相特蕾莎·梅，将在峰会上面对众多当下脱欧谈判中的欧洲政要，而此前不久，梅相在选举中威信大损。

What is the importance of the G20?

G20的重要性体现在哪？

Taken together, the nations of the G20 account for around 80 percent of global GDP, nearly 75 percent of all global trade, and about two-thirds of the world’s population.

综合来看，G20成员国的国内生产总值约占全球80%，贸易额约占全球75%，人口约占全球三分之二。

The group was formed in 1999, in the wake of the Asian financial crisis, as a new forum that would unite finance ministers and central bankers from the world’s largest established and emerging economies. A decade later, at the height of the global economic crisis, the G20 was elevated to the leaders’ level, to include heads of state and government. President George W. Bush hosted the first such gathering in November 2008. In 2008 and 2009, G20 nations agreed to spending measures worth $4 trillion to revive their economies, rejected trade barriers, and implemented far-reaching reforms of the financial system.

该组织成立于1999年，应亚洲金融危机而生。作为新型论坛，G20汇集了世界上的发达和新兴经济体的财长及央行行长。十年后，在全球经济危机最严重之际，G20被提升到领导人层面，囊括国家元首和政府首脑。2008年11月，时任美国总统布什作为东道主主持了升级后的首次论坛。在2008年和2009年，G20国家同意采取价值4万亿美元的开支措施用于重振经济，破除贸易壁垒，并实施了具有深远意义的金融体制改革。

▲2008年G20峰会各国领导人合影

Since then, the G20 has struggled to achieve similar success on its goals of coordinating their monetary and fiscal policies, achieving higher growth, and rooting out corruption and tax evasion. Geopolitical analyst Ian Bremmer has argued against the G20’s utility, saying that there is instead a “G-Zero” world—one in which countries go it alone or form ad hoc coalitions to pursue their interests.

从此以后，G20致力于在以下目标上实现类似的成功：协调货币和财政政策、实现更高的经济增长，以及铲除腐败和逃税。地缘政治学家伊恩•布雷默曾质疑G20的效用，他认为当今世界正处于“G零”状态，各国会单打独斗或者结成特定联盟来追求自己的利益。

英文来源：美国对外关系委员会网站

编译：Janet, Yoyo, Lyla, 阿狸

推荐阅读