在中国西北的黄土高坡,有一所8名孩子的学校。
学校所处甘肃定西市,素有“陇中苦瘠甲于天下”之称,是中国最贫困地区之一。伴随农村生育率降低、城镇化和进城务工浪潮,乡村学生急剧减少,农村学校规模也随之缩减,形成许多“麻雀学校”。然而,对于留守大山的孩子们,村小是他们获取知识,走出大山的唯一希望。
此次,CGTN外籍记者Liane走入这所黄土高原深处的小学,成为四名男孩的老师,在带给他们知识与视野的同时,走入孩子的内心,体会他们成长过程中的笑与泪,体会学校和老师在他们生命中的意义。我们真实纪录下这段经历,形成这部20分钟的微纪录片,期待呈现出当代农村教育、留守儿童教育的一角。
站台背后一座黄色山丘伫立,见证着小站上经年的启程与归途。这是来自葡萄牙的外国记者Liane第一次踏足中国西北。3个小时后,她将到达此行的目的地—— 距离县城50公里的薛川小学。薛川小学位于定西市宁远镇薛川村,是村中唯一的学校。学校鼎盛时期近600人,如今还剩8名学生。自1982年,中国约有2.8亿农民离开农村前往城市打工,他们中的许多人携带孩子离开,造成乡村学生急剧减少。为优化整合教学资源, 国家于90年代开始推行“撤点并校”政策, 2000到2010的十年间,村小减少了22.94万所,学校规模也急剧减小,形成了许多像是薛川学校这样的“麻雀学校”。薛川小学占地13000平方米,操场5000多平方米, 8幢教学用的平房整齐的排列在校园里,如今仅有2间教室在使用。硕大的学校显得有些孤寂。长途跋涉后,迎接Liane的是三年级四名男孩童趣、热诚的眼神。My mission was clear: teach four boys in the third grade in a small school in Xuechuan village, located in Dingxi City, Gansu Province. The naked landscape, like a winter desert, greeted us along with blue skies and arid terrain. On the roadside, the leftovers from the Summer's corn crops were still visible.I had geography and English to teach them, but more than that we wanted to give them a small glimpse of the world and encourage them to pursue their dreams. They welcomed me with open arms, curiosity, and this little twinkle in their eyes. 在略带尴尬的地理课和趣味横生的英语课之后,孩子们开始围着初次见面的洋老师不放,追问各种问题,老师也开始慢慢对孩子们有了基本的了解。三年级四个孩子,三个是留守儿童。9岁的薛轩长得虎头虎脑,歪着头眼神中带些狡黠。薛轩母亲离家再婚,父亲在陕西打工,跟着爷爷奶奶长大的他心里认为是母亲“摧毁”了这个家庭。“他会在夜里偷偷哭,眼泪流满了耳眶,”薛轩奶奶说。母亲的离开和父亲的缺席让孩子充满不安。面对老师的安慰,9岁的轩轩握紧拳头,眉头紧蹙:“你说我能高兴么?心里很难过,她已经把我忘了。”谈起母亲,他这么说。据复旦大学研究报告,中国有超过6900万留守儿童,其中6100万生活在农村。学者们发现,留守儿童在自我人格成长的关键期因缺乏父母的陪伴而显现出较多心理问题。成长过程中的自我人格冲突难以排解让他们更加敏感、自卑,一些儿童甚至表现出怨恨偏执倾向。北京大学国家发展研究院的经济学者张丹丹研究过儿童留守经历与成年后犯罪的关系,在其研究的犯罪案例中,他指出:“16岁之前有留守或单亲背景的比例相比于普通的农民工要高出一倍多。”薛川学校的留守孩子也表现出敏感、脆弱的特征,对于稳定和爱他们有更大的渴望。而学校老师,则成为替代缺位的父母陪伴他们左右的大树。The four boys come mostly from low-income households and two of them from broken families, a common feature in rural areas. The mothers left because of poverty, and the boys were left behind with the grandparents on the father's side.
In Xuan Xuan and Sun Kai Hang's case, the fathers are migrant workers. These children are a tiny drop in a universe of around 69.7 million left-behind children (LBC) in China, according to a study from Fudan University. Around 61 million live in villages with at least one migrant parent; another 8.7 million are urban LBC. "Parental migration has potentially long-lasting adverse effects on children," noted researchers Lian Tong and Qiong Yan, adding that the psychosocial well-being and development of LBC is threatened by the absence of parental affection, support, and supervision. In Xuan Xuan’s face and behavior, his grief was clear. In school, he gets frustrated and even though he studies hard, the grades are not good. He showed no hope of seeing his mother again. In his eyes, she destroyed the family. The grandparents said he used to cry every night. When I took Sun Kai Hang home, he confessed to remembering little of his mother, only her black hair. She left six years ago, but as consequence the father-son relationship is very close.
在每一个团圆之后的初春,父母可能背上行囊离开,但村小的老师却会准时升起教室的炉火,每一个清晨的守候都是一个承诺。薛川学校的校长丁福荣已在校教书30多个年头,现在正带着班里的科学课。“我们这里的老师都是身兼数职,是多面手。”丁校长不无骄傲地说。谈到忧虑,他说到农村教学资源匮乏和教师结构不合理等问题。“虽然我们现在有6名老师,但随着农村教师进城的大趋势,最后留在学校的可能就是我和另外一位50多岁的老教师,”他坦言。做了20多年的民办教师,丁福荣转正之前一直拿着几百块的工资。“从最初的47.5慢慢涨到900,再到现在的3000块,乡村老师的待遇越来越好,”他不无感慨地说。教育是农村孩子们走出大山的唯一渠道,老师们深知身上的责任,国家也在不断加大重视程度。2006年起, 政府开始实施针对中西部地区农村教育的“特岗教师”政策,吸引优秀毕业生前往偏远农村教学。通过公开招聘高校毕业生到农村学校任教,缓解村小师资总量不足和结构不合理等问题。“从长远来说,村小的消失可能是必然的,”丁福荣说。“不过我们不走,只要有学生,我们就一直坚持在这里。我不希望我家乡的孩子因为没有学校而失学。”On its glory days, the school harbored 600 students, now only eight. School director Ding Furong, who works there for 34 years, remembers those days with affection. He admits it's hard to attract young teachers to the village. Teachers live a very isolated life as they live on the school grounds during the week and only on weekends visit family and friends.The classes are small, so relationships are closer and it seems easier to pinpoint problems in terms of learning and at home. The teachers can be a crucial support system for the children. The school means security and hope. The teachers have some of the tools and the experience to show these children what the world is, and most importantly, what they can be and achieve.
伴随农村人口迁移,学生生源减少,致力于优化配置教学资源的“撤点并校”政策已推行近30年。政策在为偏远地区孩子提供更好的设施和教师资源的同时,也展现出不少问题。偏远地区孩子去往中心小学翻山越岭,校车安全隐患和低年级学生寄宿等难题一度引发讨论。同时,对于没有能力离开乡村的贫困和留守儿童,辍学成为他们面临的最大风险。对于这些孩子,村小意义重大。据甘肃省办公厅披露,截止2018年底,全省共有少于100名学生的农村小规模学校7481所,其中包括10人以下的超小规模学校。它们是农村教育的“神经末梢”,有最敏感和弱势的群体,也是农村教育最柔软的一片领域。只有当教育在这最敏感的一片区域扎实落地,孩子们的未来才有保障。“在这里,学校代表的已不仅仅是一排排楼房,一此次晨铃,它包含了方方面面的努力——传授知识,给予安全与爱,架起农村孩子通往外界的桥梁和希望。”Liane 在教书三天后感慨——学校是村小孩子改变命运的起点。The big test was the geography class. I had spent quite an amount of time preparing and, in the end it was too much material and too fast. Having no teaching background and only a rusty stumbling Chinese, resulted in a bit of a failure. Before the morning's English class, I went with teacher Yu to start the fires in the coal burners. This class was better, simple and active enough they wouldn't get bored. Upon leaving, I thanked them for sharing a little piece of their lives and for bringing innocence back into mine. I hope they don't give up on their objectives and might even dream a little bit. Like the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa wrote "All is worthwhile. When the spirit is not small." 德国哲学家雅斯贝尔斯曾说:“教育就像一棵树摇动另一棵树,用一朵云去触碰另一朵云,用一个灵魂唤醒另一个灵魂”。也只有教育才能从根源上改变贫困,改变一个人的命运。
“What color is this? 这是什么颜色?”在薛川小学,刚分配过来的24岁的英语老师余晶打开多媒体教学课件, 指着一个红色的书包图片开始给三年级的学生上课。课件屏幕上有她从网上下载的英语朗读材料和一些国外动画片音频。作为刚招进学校的“特岗”教师,24岁的她笑靥如花,给这座凛冽黄土高坡上的小学带来一丝朝气和希望。“村小的存在给这个衰落的村庄也注入了活力,只要学校还在,一切就有希望,”在一旁听课的Liane说。《村里来了个扶贫洋专员》记者手记:扶贫就是发钱发物?额,怎么跟你解释呢...
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