让欧洲人戴上口罩这件事，到底有多难呢？ 在亚洲，佩戴口罩早已司空见惯，然而欧洲国家却始终在为是否需要佩戴口罩争论不休。 尽管自新冠疫情出现以来，已有多个权威研究显示了口罩在降低病毒传播方面的有效性，但直至疫情开始向全球扩散，要求在公共场所佩戴口罩的欧洲国家仍然寥寥。多数西方国家都不支持普通人群佩戴口罩的做法，奥地利甚至规定无理由佩戴口罩属违法。 随后，疫情的迅速蔓延让欧洲措手不及。 面对不断升级的疫情形势，越来越多的欧洲国家逐渐意识到佩戴口罩对抑制病毒扩散的重要性。以奥地利为例，3月中旬还规定无理由佩戴口罩违法，4月1日政府就开始要求公民在外出时佩戴口罩。 与此同时，欧洲关于口罩是否起到防护作用的争论也在发生转变，佩戴口罩能够有效预防感染已逐渐成为欧洲国家的共识。 相比于疫情初期对口罩的抵触，自觉佩戴口罩的欧洲民众随处可见。专家也纷纷站出来普及佩戴口罩的重要性，自制口罩的教程更在互联网上受到热捧。 如今，欧洲正逐渐解除封锁措施，各国更将口罩作为抑制新冠病毒传播的重要手段。要求民众在特定场所和公共区域必须佩戴口罩的政策也已相继推行。 As lockdown measures have been lifted across Europe, countries have begun using face masks as a means of halting the transmission of COVID-19. The protective equipment is worn when people venture outside of their homes to use public transport and enter enclosed spaces such as shops and schools. In Germany, individual states have been given the power to implement their own rules regarding masks. In a similar move, the UK government has allowed the devolved nations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to enforce their own measures, separate from those issued across England. Countries have also altered their stance on masks as new studies have shown their effectiveness in reducing transmission rates. The UK previously dismissed the use of masks in their fight against COVID-19 before issuing new guidelines that include them. At the same time, Spain has made face coverings compulsory when social distancing can't be maintained until at least the end of autumn. 公共交通Public transport 早在4月份，德国政府已经强制要求公民乘坐公共交通工具时需戴口罩。此后，希腊、西班牙和意大利也采取了类似的措施。法国和英国则规定11岁以上的人乘坐公共交通工具时必须戴口罩。 Face masks were made compulsory on public transport in all 16 German states back in April. Greece, Spain and Italy have since followed an identical approach. In France and the UK, masks are mandatory on public transport for people over the age of 11. 商店Shops德国和意大利要求进商店必须戴口罩，英国政府则建议公众在社交距离可能受到影响的情况下佩戴遮挡口鼻的织物。在法国，商店有权强制要求客户戴上口罩。 In Germany, Spain, Italy and Greece, it is compulsory to wear masks inside shops. In the UK, the public has been advised to wear face coverings if social distancing is likely to be compromised, while individual shops in France have the power to make them compulsory - and most have. 学校Schools 在德国，教师和学生都必须戴口罩。西班牙则要求青少年在无法维持社交距离的情况下需戴上口罩。英国的学校虽然不作强制要求，但规定老师在接触到有症状学生时候需佩戴口罩。在法国，老师在无法跟学生保持社交距离的时候需要戴上口罩。 Masks are compulsory for teachers and pupils in Germany. In Spain, 11-18-year-olds must wear them when 1.5-2 meter distancing can't be maintained. Face covers are not obligatory in UK schools, but teachers have been told to wear them if they are in contact with a child displaying symptoms. In France, masks must be worn by teachers if they're one meter or less away from a child. Schools in Italy are shut until September and rules have yet to be announced. Greek schools have reopened, but face masks aren't compulsory. 公共空间Public spaces 希腊、德国、法国和英国都没有强制要求民众外出时必须戴口罩。意大利伦巴第地区作为受疫情影响最严重的地区，当地政府规定不戴口罩出门的行为是违法的。 Greece, Germany, France and the UK haven't made masks compulsory when outside the home. Local authorities in the Italian region of Lombardy, the region worst hit by COVID-19, have made it illegal for people to walk outside without a mask, but they're not mandatory elsewhere in the country. 惩罚Fines 多个欧洲国家都对不遵守规定的行为采取了相应的惩罚措施。英国、法国、希腊都规定，在公共交通工具上不戴口罩的乘客将会被拒乘并罚款。在德国，不同地区的惩罚措施各不相同，巴伐利亚州的罚款最严厉，高达163美元。而在意大利，漠视规定的民众将会被公共交通“除名”，此外，在户外开展集体活动时民众也必须戴口罩。 Failure to wear a mask on public transport in the UK will mean passengers will be refused travel and handed a $121 fine, while the same offense will result in a penalty of $113 in Spain, $151 in France, $152 in Greece. Fines differ in severity across Germany, where Bavaria enforces the harshest penalty of $163. In Italy, people will be removed from public transport for flouting face mask rules. 推荐阅读：终于！英国强制民众乘公交时戴口罩疫情下的意大利：不戴口罩要自由？