决策者 | 金砖国家金融合作推动形成更为公正的世界经济秩序

Editor's note: Decision Makers is a global platform for decision makers to share their insights on events shaping today's world. Paulo Nogueira Batista Jr., a Brazilian economist, is the former Vice President of the New Development Bank (NDB) and former Executive Director for Brazil and other countries in the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The article reflects the author's opinions and not necessarily the views of CGTN. 

编者按：《决策者》是全球决策制定者分享对国际大事见解的平台。巴西经济学家保罗·诺盖拉·巴蒂斯塔曾任金砖国家新开发银行副行长和国际货币基金组织巴西执行董事。本文仅为作者个人观点，不代表CGTN立场。

When Brazil, Russia, China, and India began to meet regularly as BRIC, back in 2006 it was immediately recognized as a force to be reckoned within international fora and multilateral institutions. This was no surprise, given that these four countries are among global giants. 

2006年, 巴西、俄罗斯、中国和印度作为当时的“金砖四国”定期举行会议。很快，该组织就被认定为国际论坛和多边机构中一支不容忽视的力量。这并不意外，因为这四个国家均为世界大国。

Measured in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), a more correct standard of comparison than market exchange rates, China would soon become the largest economy in the world, overtaking Japan and the United States. India is now the third, Russia the sixth, and Brazil the eighth largest economy. The four original BRIC are, together with the United States, the only five countries to be part of the lists of the ten largest populations, territories, and GDPs of the planet. South Africa, one of the largest nations in Sub-Saharan Africa, joined the group in 2011.

如果按照购买力平价这一比市场汇率更为准确的标准来衡量，中国很快就会超越日本和美国，成为世界头号经济体。印度、俄罗斯和巴西目前分别为第三、第六和第八大经济体。人口、领土面积和国内生产总值均名列世界前十的国家当中，除了最初的金砖四国以外，仅有美国。撒哈拉以南非洲地区最大的国家之一南非于2011年成为金砖国家。

The BRICS are and will remain a most important international coordination mechanisms, a force for fairness and high-quality development, not only of its five members but more broadly of other emerging markets and developing economies. This relevance has been confirmed by the work done so far during the Chinese chairmanship of the group in 2022.

无论是在当下还是未来, 金砖国家都将是最重要的国际协作机制之一，也是促进公正和高质量发展的力量。对于其五个主要成员如此，对于其他新兴市场和发展中经济体亦然。这一点也从中国在2022年担任金砖主席国以来所做的工作中得到了证明。

If one considers the financial aspects of our cooperation, the focus of this article, it is clear that quite a lot has been achieved in these 16 years of existence of the BRICS. We started by coordinating our actions in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the G20, which had been upgraded to a leaders' forum in 2008. 

本文将重点探讨金砖国家金融合作。很显然，在这方面，金砖国家自成立至今的16年间取得了诸多成就。我们最初在国际货币基金组织和二十国集团机制内协调行动，之后二十国集团于2008年升格为领导人峰会。

In the IMF Executive Board, where I was the director for Brazil and other countries at the time, the BRICS soon became a significant group, second only to the long-existing coordination of European directors. We did our best to improve IMF governance and to increase the voice and representation of developing countries as a whole. 

我曾在国际货币基金组织担任巴西执行董事，代表包括巴西在内的其他国家。在此期间，金砖国家很快发展成为了一股重要力量，其协调作用仅次于国际货币基金组织内老牌的欧洲董事。我们尽最大努力改善国际货币基金组织的治理机制，加强发展中国家整体的发言权和代表性。

In parallel, the BRICS worked together in the G20 to convince the advanced countries of the need to adapt the international financial architecture to the challenges of the 21st century, modernizing multilateral institutions such as the World Bank, the regional development banks, and the IMF itself, all of them still much too reflective of the geopolitical and economic realities of the time of their creation in the 20th century.

同时，金砖国家在二十国集团内通力合作，促使发达国家认识到应调整国际金融架构以应对21世纪的新挑战，并推动世界银行、各地区发展银行以及国际货币基金组织自身等多边机构的现代化。因为在很大程度上，这些机构所反映的仍是其在上世纪成立之初时所面临的地缘政治和经济现实。

We made some progress in achieving these objectives but realized after some time that resistance to change on the part of traditional Western powers was difficult to overcome and that improvements would be slow and ultimately insufficient. This realization led the BRICS to decide to create their own multilateral development bank – the New Development Bank (NDB), and their own monetary fund, the BRICS Contingent Arrangement (CRA). After careful negotiations, the NDB and the CRA were established in 2015. 

在实现上述目标中，我们取得了一些成绩，但之后也认识到传统西方大国对于改变的抵触心理是难以克服的阻力，因此改进将是缓慢的，并且最终无法完全达到目的。鉴于此，金砖国家决定设立自己的多边发展银行，即金砖国家新开发银行，以及自己的货币基金，即金砖国家应急储备安排。经细致磋商，两者均于2015年正式成立。

The international context in which the BRICS operate has changed considerably in recent years. Relations between China and the U.S. have deteriorated, mainly since the Trump administration. Russia has been at loggerheads with the U.S. and Europe since at least 2014, culminating with the conflict in Ukraine this year. 

近些年来，国际环境发生了巨大变化。特别是在特朗普政府执政后，中美关系不断恶化。此外，至少从2014年起，俄罗斯便与美国和欧洲之间龃龉不断，最终导致了今年的俄乌冲突。

Although this is certainly a matter of controversy, it can be observed that these conflicts with China and Russia reflect to a large extent the reluctance of the West to recognize that the world is and will increasingly be multipolar. The resistance of Americans and Europeans to accept this new reality is at the root of many of the world's present conflicts.   

虽然争议尚存，但可以说这些涉及中国和俄罗斯的对立冲突在很大程度上说明，西方国家不愿承认当今世界愈发显著的多极化趋势。美国和欧洲对这一现实的抵触是目前许多国际冲突的根源。

This makes reforms of the multilateral financial system even less promising than they were when the BRICS came together. No major changes in the governance of the Washington-based financial institutions, which are still firmly controlled by the West, should be expected in the foreseeable future. The G20 is going through its most difficult phase with the U.S. and some European countries trying unsuccessfully to exclude Russia from the group, and staging walkouts from meetings when a Russian official speaks. 

这使得多边金融体系的改革前景比金砖组织成立时更为暗淡。在可预见的未来，以华盛顿为主导的金融机构不会发生重大的治理体系变动，因为这些机构仍被牢牢掌控在西方手中。近期，美国和一些欧洲国家试图将俄罗斯逐出二十国集团但未能达到目的，这些国家的代表还在俄罗斯参会官员上台发言时集体离场。正因如此，二十国集团目前面临着前所未有的困境。

All of this is most unfortunate, and it is to be hoped that sometime in the future, peaceful relations and a true multilateral spirit will prevail in the world. In the meantime, however, BRICS common action will be all the more necessary. Building on what has been achieved in this year's Chinese chairmanship, the BRICS should strive to carry out existing initiatives and perhaps launch new ones.

这些都令人遗憾。我们希望和平关系和多边精神能够在未来主导世界的发展。与此同时，金砖国家的共同行动就显得更为重要。在今年中国担任主席国以来所取得的成绩的基础上，金砖国家应努力落实既有项目并在可能的情况下推出新的计划。

The NDB and the CRA should be further developed. For instance, the CRA should decide on the location of and establish its surveillance unit. The NDB, which is the most important of the two BRICS financial initiatives, has yet to expand membership significantly, having brought in only four new members so far. It should also take additional steps to use national currencies in replacement of the U.S. dollar in its operations. 

金砖国家新开发银行和金砖国家应急储备安排应得到进一步发展。例如，金砖国家应急储备安排应创建相应的监察部门并做好选址工作。金砖国家新开发银行作为金砖国家两大金融合作机制中的重头戏，仍未能大规模扩员，迄今为止仅吸收了四个新成员。该银行还应采取额外措施，在其运营中使用成员国本币代替美元。

But besides reviewing and reinvigorating existing financial initiatives, the BRICS should look into bringing in new topics into its agenda considering the challenges that have arisen in the most recent past, and especially in 2022. 

除了评估和重振现有金融合作机制外，金砖国家还应以近期，特别是2022年出现的新挑战为依据，考虑将新议题纳入议程。

Recent events have shown the need to seriously consider international monetary issues. What we have since the 20th century is a non-system, a precarious international arrangement based fundamentally on one national fiat currency, the U.S. dollar, with a secondary role played by a few other advanced country currencies. 

近期的许多事件凸显了严肃斟酌国际货币问题的必要性。自上世纪以来，国际货币体系一直是无体系且不稳定的，并且始终以美元为主导，若干其他发达国家货币只能发挥次要作用。

What was precarious has become alarmingly unsafe. The U.S. has abused the role of its currency and financial institutions by transforming them into weapons of economic wars against certain countries. 

其不稳定性如今已经成为了令人担忧的不安全因素。美国滥用其美元地位和金融机构，将二者变成了针对某些国家发动经济战的武器。

This weaponization of currency and finance has destroyed confidence in a fundamental way. Countries like Iran and Venezuela have been targeted in the past, but the current economic measures against Russia are unprecedented in scale, involving among many other sanctions a freeze of financial assets of about $300 billion, amounting to around half of Russia's international reserves, including dollar and also euro holdings. 

货币和金融的武器化从根本上摧毁了人们的信心。伊朗和委内瑞拉等国曾是打击目标，而目前针对俄罗斯的经济手段规模之大更是前所未有，例如冻结俄罗斯3000亿美元的金融资产。这相当于俄罗斯国际储备的一半，含美元和欧元储备。

In Russian official circles, discussion has begun on what is being called the R5 project, taking a cue from the coincidence that the five BRICS currencies begin with the letter R – Brazilian real, Russian ruble, Indian rupee, Chinese yuan (renminbi), and South African rand. This could involve, for instance, the development and multilateralization of payment agreements in national currencies, building on existing bilateral agreements such as the ones between Russia and China and between Russia and India. Bypassing the dollar, the euro, and Western financial institutions, would reduce risks of political interference and transaction costs. 

俄罗斯官员内部已经开始讨论一项名为R5的计划。以R5来命名是因为其他几个成员国的货币在英文中恰好都以字母R开头，即巴西雷亚尔、俄罗斯卢布、印度卢比、中国人民币和南非兰特。该计划的内容可能包括在现有双边协议（例如中俄之间和俄印之间的协议）的基础上制定本币支付协议，并推动其多边化等等。绕过美元、欧元和西方金融机构有助于降低政治干预风险和交易成本。

Beyond that, the BRICS could discuss the creation of a new international reserve currency, based on size and strength of their economies. These matters are of greater immediate interest for Russia and China, for obvious reasons, but are of interest to all those that wish to have international arrangements that are not vulnerable to the whims and unilateral actions of a few major countries.

除此之外，金砖国家还可以探讨根据各成员国的经济体量和实力创建一种新的国际储备货币。由于显而易见的原因，这些计划都能够更好地服务于俄罗斯和中国的现有利益。同时，对于那些希望在参与国际货币体系时不会受到少数几个大国任意摆布和单边行动影响的国家来说，这些计划也符合他们的利益。

In their latest meeting, on June 6, BRICS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors decided to establish the BRICS Think Tank Network for Finance to strengthen research on finance among our countries. In cooperation with the BRICS Payments Task Force, a platform between the central banks created during India's chairmanship of the BRICS last year, the think tank network could perhaps initiate an in-depth exploration of all the above-mentioned matters over the next two years. This could contribute to the improvement of the existing financial mechanisms of the BRICS and to open the way for new ideas and initiatives that could help our countries and the rest of the world.  

金砖国家财长和央行行长在6月6日举行的最近一次会议上决定成立金砖财金智库网络，以推动各成员国开展金融研究。去年印度担任主席国期间，各成员国央行共同建立了金砖国家支付工作组。金砖财金智库网络可以以工作组这一平台为依托，在接下来的两年中对所有上文提到的议题进行深入探索。这将有助于金砖国家改进现有金融机制，为新构想和新倡议开辟道路，以便其更好地服务于成员国和世界其他国家。

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